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Definition
| research design that examines people of different ages at one point in time |
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| research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time |
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| (60%)upset when mom leaves, happy when she returns (mom as secure base) |
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| insecure-avoidant attachment |
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Definition
| (15-20%)indifferent when mom leaves, little reaction when she returns |
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| insecure-anxious attachment |
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| (15-20%)panic when mom leaves, reaches for her yet squirms away when she returns and picks him up (anxious ambivalent) |
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| (5-10%) inconsistent and confused reactions, seem dazed when reunited with mother |
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| Piaget's 1st Stage of Development |
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| sensorimotor: birth-2 years; here and now; lack object permanence and deferred imitation (ability to perform action observed earlier) |
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| pre-operational: 2-7 years; imagination (holds banana as phone); can use symbols such as language, drawings, and objects as representations of ideas (fail conservation tests) |
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| concrete operational: 7-11 years; can pass conservation tests; still bad at hypothetical or abstract, need physical objects |
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| formal operations: adolescence; thinking beyond the here and now, abstract thinking; logical concepts (if -then statements) |
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| Piaget emphasized physical interaction with the world as primary source of learning, Vygotsky emphasized social interaction |
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| Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent |
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| Zone of proximal development |
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| Vygotsky's notion that there's a phase of learning when children can benefit from instruction |
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Term
| permissive parenting style |
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Definition
| parents give freedom inside and outside of house; discipline sparingly, if at all, while showering children with affection |
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| authoritarian parenting style |
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Definition
| strict giving little opportunity for free play or exploration; punishment when not obeyed; little affection |
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| authoritative parenting style |
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Definition
| combo of both; supportive but set clear and firm limits |
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| uninvolved parenting style |
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Definition
| neglect, paying little attention to both positive and negative behaviors |
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| Erikson's 1st stage of development |
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Definition
| infancy: trust vs mistrust; developing general security, optimism, and trust in others |
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| toddlerhood: autonomy vs shame and doubt; developing a sense of independence and confident self-reliance, taking setbacks in stride |
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| early childhood: initiative vs guilt; developing initiative in exploring and manipulating the environment |
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| middle childhood: industry vs inferiority; enjoyment and mastery of the developmental tasks of childhood, in and out of school |
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| adolescence: identity vs role confusion; achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction |
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| young adulthood: intimacy vs isolation; development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships |
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| adulthood: generativity vs stagnation; satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general |
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| aging: ego integrity vs despair; recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future |
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Definition
| ability to control an impulse to act |
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| Piagetian process of altering a schema to make it more compatible with experience; drives stage change by forcing children to enter a new way of looking at the world (conception from flat to round) |
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Term
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Definition
| Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current schemas (reinterpret info to believe what is already known: tell child world is round, they picture a flat disk rather than a sphere to absorb new info without changing old belief) |
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| cold, angular wire mom with milk vs warm, comfy cloth mom- went to wire mom for milk but cloth mom for comfort when scared which led to "contact comfort" |
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| positive emotions afforded by touch(why holding hands is reassuring, etc) |
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| transition between childhood and adulthood (teen years) |
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| achievement of sexual maturation resulting in potential to reproduce |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| physical features such as reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish sex |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn't relate directly to reproduction, breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men |
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| termination of menstruation, marking end of women's reproductive potential |
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| what's right we get rewarded for what's wrong we get punished for |
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| what's right is what society approves of, what's wrong is what society disapproves of |
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| postconventional morality |
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| whats right is what accords with fundamental human rights and values, what's wrong contradicts these rights and values |
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