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| people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving |
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| relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behavior across many situations |
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| approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals |
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| approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person |
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| investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits |
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| the assumption that all psychological events have a cause |
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| reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression |
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| tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification |
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| psyche's executive and principal decision maker |
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| tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet |
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| unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety |
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| motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses |
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| motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences |
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| the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer, age |
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| transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite |
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| unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others |
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| directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target |
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| providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures |
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| identification with the aggressor |
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| process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening |
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| transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal |
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| sexually arousing zone of the body |
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| psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth |
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| psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training |
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| psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals |
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| conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals |
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| conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals |
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| psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious |
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| psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others |
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| theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth |
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| according to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority |
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| feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings |
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| according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations |
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| cross-culturally universal symbols |
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| social learning theorists |
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| theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality |
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| tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behavior |
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| extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control |
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| drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent |
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| according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior |
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| inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions |
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| transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world |
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| statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures |
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| five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures |
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| approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language |
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| structured personality test |
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| paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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| widely used structured personality test designed to access symptoms of mental disorders |
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| empirical method of test construction |
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| approach to building test in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them |
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| extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring |
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| rational/theoretical method of test construction |
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| approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization |
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| test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of |
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| hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus |
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| projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots |
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| extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures |
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| psychological interpretation of handwriting |
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| tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate |
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