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Finals
Chapter 14- Personality
56
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
08/07/2013

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Term
personality
Definition
people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Term
trait
Definition
relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behavior across many situations
Term
nomothetic approach
Definition
approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals
Term
idiographic approach
Definition
approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
Term
molecular genetic study
Definition
investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
Term
psychic determinism
Definition
the assumption that all psychological events have a cause
Term
id
Definition
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression
Term
pleasure principle
Definition
tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification
Term
ego
Definition
psyche's executive and principal decision maker
Term
reality principle
Definition
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
Term
superego
Definition
our sense of morality
Term
defense mechanism
Definition
unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Term
repression
Definition
motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
Term
denial
Definition
motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
Term
regression
Definition
the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer, age
Term
reaction-formation
Definition
transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
Term
projection
Definition
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
Term
displacement
Definition
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target
Term
rationalization
Definition
providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures
Term
identification with the aggressor
Definition
process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening
Term
sublimation
Definition
transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal
Term
erogenous zone
Definition
sexually arousing zone of the body
Term
oral stage
Definition
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
Term
anal stage
Definition
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
Term
phallic stage
Definition
psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
Term
Oedipus complex
Definition
conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
Term
Electra complex
Definition
conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
Term
latency stage
Definition
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
Term
genital stage
Definition
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
Term
neo-Freudian theories
Definition
theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth
Term
style of life
Definition
according to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority
Term
inferiority complex
Definition
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings
Term
collective unconscious
Definition
according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
Term
archetype
Definition
cross-culturally universal symbols
Term
social learning theorists
Definition
theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behavior
Term
locus of control
Definition
extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control
Term
self-actualization
Definition
drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
Term
conditions of worth
Definition
according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior
Term
incongruence
Definition
inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions
Term
peak experience
Definition
transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
Term
factor analysis
Definition
statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
Term
Big Five
Definition
five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures
Term
lexical approach
Definition
approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language
Term
structured personality test
Definition
paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Definition
widely used structured personality test designed to access symptoms of mental disorders
Term
empirical method of test construction
Definition
approach to building test in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them
Term
face validity
Definition
extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
Term
rational/theoretical method of test construction
Definition
approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization
Term
projective test
Definition
test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
Term
projective hypothesis
Definition
hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus
Term
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Definition
projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots
Term
incremental validity
Definition
extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures
Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Definition
projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
Term
graphology
Definition
psychological interpretation of handwriting
Term
P.T. Barnum effect
Definition
tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate
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