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| study of how behavior changes over the life span |
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| false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event |
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| research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time |
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| effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time |
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| research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time |
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| gene-environment interaction |
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| situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed |
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| tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions |
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| activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development |
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| ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven't yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part |
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| second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form |
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| period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change |
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| an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development |
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| condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, physical growth retardation, facial malformations, and behavioral disorders |
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| bodily motion that occur as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles |
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| the transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years |
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| the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce |
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| primary sex characteristics |
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| a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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| a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn't relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men |
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| the termination of menstruation, marking the end of a women's reproductive potential |
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| study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember |
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| Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures |
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| Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience |
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| stage in Piaget's theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally |
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| the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view |
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| stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet perform operations on them |
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| inability to see the world from others' perspectives |
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| Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same |
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| concrete operations stage |
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| stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only |
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| stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now |
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| Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent |
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| zone of proximal development |
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| phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction |
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| ability to reason about what other people know or believe |
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| a fear of strangers developing at eight or nine months of age |
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| basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin |
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| the strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest |
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| positive emotions afforded by touch |
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| drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure |
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| average expectable environment |
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| environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline |
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| ability to inhibit an impulse to act |
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| individual's sense of being male or female |
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| a set of behaviors that tend to be associated with being make or female |
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| our sense of who we are, and our life goals and prioritites |
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| dilemma concerning an individual's relations to other people |
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| period of life between ages 18 and 25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified |
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| supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth |
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| alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home |
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