-Gel electrophoresis

-Polymerse Chain reaction

-How are these techniques utilized?

-Sorts proteins and nucleic acids by charge and size.

- DNA is mixed with DNA polymerase and nucleotides which allow the DNA to replicate

-Can be used to replicate DNA in fossils and artifacts, medicinal purposes and DNA found in crime scenes

Evolution

-Has to vary

-Be heritable

-Affect fitness 

Why is evolution considered the unifying principle for biology?

What is the evidence for evolution?

(Five agents of Microevolution)

Mutations

(Five agents of Microevolution)

Gene flow

(Five agents of Microevolution)

Genetic drift

(Examples)

The chance alteration of allele frequencies in a population.

Ex. Bottleneck effect

-Northern elephant seals

Ex. Founder effect

-Pingelap population

(Five agents of Microevolution)

Nonrandom Mating 

(Example)

A given number of the population is not equally likely to mate with any other given member.

-Ex. 4 females 4 males

One male breeds with all the females

(Five agents of Microevolution)

Natural Selection

Atmosphere (air)

Hydrosphere (water)

Lithosphere (Earth and rocks)

Nutrients 

Energy

Water

 (Marine environment)

Intertidal and nearshore zones

-Steady flow of nutrients, greatest biodiversity

-Photic zone- light supports photosynthesis

(Marine environment)

Ocean life

-Most life is in the upper photic zone

-Life forms are pelagic- free swimming or floating

(Marine environment)

Deep Ocean

-Alphotic zone

only energy comes from organisms that swim here, the remains or products of organisms that drift down from up above, or hydrothermal vents

Biomes

-Tropical rainforest

-Savannas

-Deserts

-Grasslands

-Temperate forests

-Tundra

(Biomes)

Tropical Rainforest

(Biomes)

Savannas

(Biomes)

Deserts

(Biomes)

Grasslands

(Biomes)

Temperate forest

(Biomes)

Tundra

Interactions among living organisms

1. Competition (-,-)

2. Predation (+,-)

3. Parasitism (+,-)

4. Mutualism (+,+)

5. Keystone Species- species whose influence on a community is greater than its abundance would suggest

Energy Pyramid

3rd Consumer- grizzly bear (1 lbs.)

2nd consumer- Human (10 lbs)

1st consumer- (100 lbs)

Producer (1000 lbs)

1. Habitat destruction (Biggest threat)

2. Commercial harvest

3. Introduction of exotic species

1. Live sustainably

2. Education- emphasize importance of biodiversity

3. Create reserves and protected areas

-Have organization

-Use and acquire energy (ATP)

-Maintain constant internal conditions

-Have inherited info (DNA) that determines form and function

-Composed of one or more cells

-Respond to their environments

(Particles in an atom)

Nucleus

(Particles in an atom)

Protons

+ charge

Determine the atomic number of an element

No charge

In nucleus

(Particles in an atom)

Electrons

- Charge

Very little mass

(Particles in an atom)

Ions

Atoms that differ in the number of protons and electrons 

= + or - charged atom

-nucleus

-protons

-neutrons

-electrons

-ions

-Freezes at 0°c- ice less dense than water (molecules spread apart)

-High specific heat

-Buffers climates

-Surface tension

-Acid

-Base

-How is pH important to living organisms?

-Lower pH

-Raise pH

-Living organisms thrive in a pH b/t 6-8

-Monomer

-Polymer

-Single units

-String of monomers

-Contain C,H,O

-Monosaccharide (monomer)

-Polysaccharide (polymer)

-Dehydration synthesis

-Hydration synthesis

-When molecules bond to another and produce water

-When a molecule is split into simpler molecules and water is required

-Composed of C,H,O (more H)

-Hydrophobic

-Energy storage/insulation

-Saturated fatty acids

-Unsaturated fatty acids

-Saturated- all c-c bonds are single bonds

-Unsaturated- at least one c-c is a double bond

-Polymer composed of amino acids

-Consist of peptide chains made up of amino acids

-Numerous functions that depend on the shape of the protein

-Amino acids have an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to a central carbon

-Change in environment can change protein's shape

-Lipoproteins-capsule of protein surrounded by a globule of lipid

Function of DNA and RNA

-DNA- Contains instructions for putting together proteins

RNA- Takes DNA instructions to sites in cells where proteins are put together

Prokaryotes- Bacteria or archaea, no nuclei, single celled, many do not use oxygen, no organelles

Eukaryotes- Everything else, Nucleus, many or multicellular, most use oxygen, organelles

-Passive transport

-Active transport

-How each moves in relation to the concentration gradient

-Proteins serve as channels that allow a substance to diffuse through a membrane

-across a biological membrane. Requires energy and transport proteins

-Passive- with gradient, Active-against

-Hypotonic

-Hypertonic

-Isotonic

-Lower concentration of solutes

-Higher concentration of solutes

-Concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane

-Endergonic

-Exergonic

-Require energy- productshave more energy than reactants

-Release energy- reactants have more energy than products

-Function of Enzymes

-Chem reaction for respiration

-What is consumed and produced?

C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂→6CO₂+6H₂O+ATPS

-Consumed: Glucose and Oxygen

-Produced: Carbon Dioxide, water, energy

How are coenzymes utilized in respiration. 

When and how are they utilized?

-Glycolosis-Cytosol

-Krebs/ETC- Mitochondria

-Aerobic

-Anerobic

-Use air

-Don't use air

Chem reaction for photosynthesis

-What is consumed and produced?

6CO₂+12H₂0→C₆H₁₂O₆+6H₂O+6O₂

-Consumed- CO2 and water

-Produced- Water, Oxygen, Glucose

What is mitosis used for in living organisms?

What is cancer? 

How are cancer cells different from other cells?

-Rapid division of cells

-Invades otehr tissuses and displaces normal cells

(Different types of cancer)

Tumor

(Types of cancer)

Carcinomas

(Types of cancer)

Sarcomas

(Types of cancer)

Leukemias and lymphomas

How is meiosis utilized by living organisms?

tRNA's attach to amino acids in the cytoplasm and bring them to the ribosome. t-RNAs attached to the amino acids bind to the mRNA strand, bringing the amino acid to the ribosome in the process. Amino acids are strung together to make peptides that compose proteins.

Takes place in ribosome