Term
| separation of copper from copper ore |
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Definition
| grinding ore to powder, chemical rinsing, heating |
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| a solid natural material made of nonliving things in the ground |
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| the way a mineral reflects light from its surface |
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| a measure of how well a mineral resists scratching |
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| the color of powder left when the mineral is rubbed on a rough surface |
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| is a solid geometric shape with fixed patterns |
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| is a mineral that is rare, beautiful and usually transparent and shines with light |
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| the changing of rocks over time. |
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a rock that forms from sediments is sedimentary rocks - they are bits and pieces of rock that over time pressure cements the sediments
Limestone and sandstones - used outside of buildings |
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Definition
rock that forms when sedimentary and igneous rocks change under heat and pressure without melting
Slate is a type of metamorphic rock (roofing material bc its waterproof
Marble - used for million dollar floors |
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Term
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Definition
| igneous rock forms as lave cools and hardens |
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Term
| what causes an igneous or sedimentary rock to become a metamorphic rock? |
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Definition
| heat and pressure cause igneous and sedimentary rock to become metamorphic without melting. |
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Definition
| some sedimentary rocks are made from smaller grounded stones that have been cemented together |
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| what happens to the fossils in limestone as the limestone turns into marble? |
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Definition
| as limestone changes into marble under heat and pressure, the fossils are usually crushed. |
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Definition
| bits of rock and once living organisms. |
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| properties of rocks and minerals |
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Definition
color
streak
luster
hardness
cleavage - shows lines where mineral breaks
fracture - shows when uneven or rough surfaces |
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Definition
A horizon - contains most nutrients and humus.
Humus is made of decayed organic materials (dead plants & animals). The soil in this horizon is called TOPSOIL. |
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Definition
| The B horizon is called subsoil. Has fine particles of rock, such as particles that make up clay |
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Definition
| The C horizon is made mostly of larger pieces of rock |
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Term
| How are the A horizon and the C horizon different? |
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Definition
| decayed organic materials and contains nutrients that feed plants. Humus soaks up and holds water more easily than bits of rock. C horizon is made mostly of large pieces of rock. |
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Definition
| Soils in different places have different properties. Each type of soil supports different plant and animal life. There are 3 types - forest soil, desert soil and grassland & prairie soil. |
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Definition
| sandy and does not hold much humus. Plants have special adaptations to grow in deserts. |
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| The soil is rich in humus such as in Rocky Mountains and eastern forests. |
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| Pollution is the addition of harmful materials to soil, air or water. Soil can be polluted by chemicals placed in the ground. |
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| Forest has a thin layer of topsoil with little humus. Frequent heavy rainfall carries minerals deep into the ground. Plants with shallow roots cannot reach the minerals. |
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| The protection or preservation of natural resources including soil is called conservation. |
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| Fertilizers containing nutrients are added to soil to replace nutrients.They can choose crops that add nutrients that have been removed by other plants. |
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| Farmers can plant different crops on the same land in different years. |
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| Farmers plants grasses between rows of other crops to prevent soil from being washed or blown away. |
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| Farmers can slow speed of water flowing down hill by plowing furrows across the slope. |
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| Farmers create terraces that are flat shelves cut into hillsides. Crops are planted along each terrace to slow down speed of water. |
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| Planting tall trees along the edges for farmland to slow the speed of wind across the ground. |
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| The remains of ancient organisms preserved in soil or rock. |
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Definition
Peat that hardens and turns into sedimentary rock
(Peat is formed over millions of years from pressure and weight of layers of sediment press ing dead plants together) |
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Definition
| A material formed from the decay of ancient organisms and used today as an energy source. |
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| The relative age of rock is how old it is compared to another rock |
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Definition
The age of a fossil in years
(to find the absolute of a rock you have to find the the absolute age of the rock in which the fossil was found) |
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| An era is a unit of time measured in millions of years. |
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| A geologic period divides an era into a smaller unit of time |
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| A resource that can be used up faster than it is made. It took millions of years to make oil, natural gas and coal. |
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Definition
| A living or nonliving resource that can be replaced naturally in a short amount of time. Wind, water power and sunlight are nonliving renewable energy sources. Fish and forests include living renewable resources |
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Term
| Alternative energy source |
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Definition
| Any source of energy other than fossil fuel |
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Term
| What are other sources of alternative energy? |
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Definition
Nuclear Energy - energy in the nuclei of atoms
Geothermal energy - heat from inside earth (volcanoes)
Biomass - plant and animal materials used as fuel |
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Term
| Which keep Earth in its orbit around the Sun? |
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Definition
| Gravity and inertia. As Earth orbits the Sun, it's pulled toward the Sun because of gravity. At the same time, Earth's inertia makes it move away from the Sun. |
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Definition
| Solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly between Earth and the Sun. When this happens, the Moon casts a shadow on Earth. A solar eclipse can only occur during a new moon phase. |
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| A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into Earth's shadow and is no longer reached by direct sunlight. This happens when Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. Lunar eclipses happen only during full moon phases. |
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Definition
| pull of gravity between Earth and the Moon & between Earth and the Sun causes a bulge in the surface of Earth. The pull can be seen in the oceans and other large bodies of water. |
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| If you are on Earth in the umbra during a solar eclipse, darkness covers the entire face of the Sun and this is called a total solar eclipse. |
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| If you are on Earth in the penumbra during a solar eclipse, darkness covers only part of the Sun and this is known as partial solar eclipse |
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| A planet is a large object that orbits a star |
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| A moon is a natural object that orbits a planet. Different plants have different numbers and sizes of moons. |
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| an object in space that circles around another object. While moons are natural satellites, people put objects in space that orbit Earth or other planets & are called Artificial Satellites. |
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Definition
| A comet is a mixture of frozen gases, ice, dust and rock that moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. Comets are thought to be bits of material left over from the formation of the solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. |
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| An object that crosses paths with Earth and enters Earth's atmosphere. Most meteors burn up as they travel through Earth's atmosphere. If it lands on ground, it's a meteorite. |
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| Star is an object that produces its own energy, including heat and light. The cycle of a star depends on how much hydrogen the star contains. All stars form out of a nebula. |
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Definition
| A nebula is a huge cloud of gases and dust. All stars form out of a nebula. |
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Definition
| When the dense iron core cannot support the weight of the star and the star explodes, the exploding star is called a Supernova. |
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| A black hole is an object that is so dense and has such powerful gravity that nothing can escape from it, not even light. |
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Definition
| A group of stars that appear to form a pattern. Ex. Big Dipper stick figure is part of the Ursa Major constellation. The Little Dipper is part of the Ursa Minor Constellation. |
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| A light-year is at the distance that light travels in a year, or about 9.5 trillion km |
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| A huge system of stars, gas and dust. When looking through a telescope you might see hazy patches of faint light that may be galaxies. |
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Definition
| the amount of matter in an object |
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| Weight is how strongly gravity pulls on an object. |
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Definition
| Measure how much space matter takes up |
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Term
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Definition
| matter is anything that has mass and volume. Almost everything in the world around you is matter. |
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Definition
Density is the amount of mass for each mL of a substance. To calculate density you divide its mass by its volume.
Density = mass
________
volume |
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Definition
| This is the resistance to sinking |
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Definition
| a material that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical reactions |
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Definition
metals are elements that share common properties such as shiny luster, conductivity, and flexibility.
Sodium, copper and gold are examples of metals. |
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Definition
| An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element |
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Term
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Definition
| the nucleus is the center of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| the proton is a particle with one unit of positive electric charge. |
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Definition
| the neutron is a particle with no electric charge - it is neutral |
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Definition
| electrons which are contained in atoms are smaller particles with one unit of negative electric charge each |
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Definition
| molecules are particles with more than one atom joined together. |
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Definition
| the ability to be bent, flattened or hammered without breaking |
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Definition
| the ability to be pulled into thin wires without breaking. Copper is often drawn out into wires for conducting electricity in buildings and electrical equipment. Silver and platinum are also ductile. |
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Definition
| is when metals combine with nonmetals from the environment Iron corrodes by rusting, which causes the corroded iron to flake away. |
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Definition
| a material that conducts electricity better than a nonmetal, but not as well as a metal. |
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Definition
| the speed and the direction of a moving object |
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Definition
| any push or pull by one object on another |
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Definition
| the use of force to move an object a certain distance |
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Definition
| the ability to perform, work or change an object |
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Definition
| a group of objects from which you can measure a position or the motion. Your classroom and the objects inside are a frame of reference. |
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Term
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Definition
| speed is how fast an object's position changes over time. To calculate speed, you divide the distance traveled by the time spent traveling. |
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Definition
| change in velocity over time for an object. Units of acceleration are units of velocity divided by units of time: meters per second per second. |
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