Term
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Definition
-energy density
-feed availability
-production costs (reduce time on feed, increase lot turnover)
-better feed:gain
-more consistent end product |
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Term
| Which endproduct has more consistent carcass & eating quality, grain fed or forgage fed beef |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is corn higher in energy than wheat, even though wheat has more starch? |
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Definition
| corn has 2x the ether extract |
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Term
| Which is better for the environment, grain fed or grass fed beef? |
|
Definition
grain fed
-reduces greenhouse gas production
-less wastage (less feces produced) |
|
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Term
| Why do consumers want natural products. What as to be removed to create a 'natural' product? |
|
Definition
concerns about health risks of hormones & antibiotics
remove implants and antibiotics |
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Term
| Why is marketing key for selling forage-fed beef? |
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Definition
-appearance of product is different
-production costs are significantly greater (more time on feed, more space required etc) so need to charge more |
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Term
| Common feedstuffs for feedlot rations |
|
Definition
Grain (corn/barley)
Roughage (corn silage, haylage)
Protein supplement (SBM, urea, byproducts)
Byproducts (corn gluten, DDGS etc) |
|
|
Term
Which gain weight faster, steers/heifers?
Which consume more feed per lb of weight gain, steers/heifers?
Which gain weight faster, bulls or steers?
Which gain weight faster, thin or fat cattle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why do thin cattle gain faster than fat cattle? |
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Definition
| have the potential to gain weight more efficiently |
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Term
| Why do holsteins require 10% more feed per kg gain than beef breeds? |
|
Definition
-higher maintenance requirements bc more organ tissue
-less efficient at converting energy for fat deposition
-more efficient at converting energy for protein deposition
-more pron to environmental stress (thin hide, less hair, less fat cover) |
|
|
Term
Why are Holsteins important for beef
supply? |
|
Definition
| in California they are a popular product, thought to produce better quality meat. In canada they get downgraded |
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Term
| Why do minimum roughage levels for corn-based diets vary depending on the form of the corn grain (dry vs dry rolled vs high moisture) |
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Definition
| higher moisture will increase bulk, need to have a larger proportion to get the same nutrient density |
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Term
| Diets high in roughage will have what effect on DMI? |
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Definition
| limits dry matter intake because of the gut fill effect |
|
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Term
| How does digestibility of the diet affect voluntary feed intake? |
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Definition
| As digestibility exceeds 66%, chemostatic regulation within the body triggers a response to limit feed intake |
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|
Term
| What are the methods of feeding feedlot cattle? |
|
Definition
TMR
Component (feed separately)
Self-fed |
|
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Term
| ____ feeding makes it difficult to monitor individual roughage intake |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why does whole corn have better digestibility than other grains? |
|
Definition
less sophisitcated hull, despite fact cattle don't chew a lot enzymes are still able to access starchy endosperm
corn is larger grain, will settle to bottom of rumen and stay there for fairly long time, microorganisms can access it |
|
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Term
| Why are grains processed? |
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Definition
| -cracks the hull of the grain making it more readily available for digestion |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect how readily available grain starch is to rumen microbes? |
|
Definition
physical processing
-ruptured pericarp allows bacteria to attach and begin working quickly
-smaller PS = more surface area for enzyme action
heat processing
-gelatinized starch is readily digestible |
|
|
Term
| How are rumen acidosis and starch degradability linked? |
|
Definition
| highly degradable starch will result in rapid digestion & production of VFAs, creating an acidic environment |
|
|
Term
| Some methods of physical processing (5) |
|
Definition
grinding
rolling
steam flaking
extrusion
pelleting |
|
|
Term
| Which is better digested in the rumen, rolled barley or corn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of feeding whole corn? |
|
Definition
lower cost
more eNDF than processed corn |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of feeding rolled/ground corn? |
|
Definition
-improved digestion than whole corn
-mixes well in TMR |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of feeding high moisture corn |
|
Definition
-don't need to dry the grain
-better digestion than whole or rolled |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of feeding steam flaked corn? |
|
Definition
-greatest digestibility
-higher cost |
|
|
Term
| When does processing ingredients become worthwhile? (3) |
|
Definition
when the improvement in performance outweighs the cost
-if the feeding system can incorporate the feed
-if it maximizes starch digestion without causing digestive upset |
|
|
Term
| How well is bypass starch digested in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors affect postruminal starch digestion |
|
Definition
-grain source & processing
-roughage:concentrate (high roughage = more bypass starch)
- |
|
|
Term
| High moisture corn can be ____ to ____ % moisture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is high moisture corn better in terms of nutrient-availability? |
|
Definition
| pre-fermentation makes products more readily available |
|
|
Term
| Why is high moisture ear corn superior to dry product? (3) |
|
Definition
-more palatable
-cob is more digestible
-don't need to add roughage to the diet |
|
|
Term
| How does gelatinization work? |
|
Definition
| decreases intermolecular bonding between starch molecules, makes it more accessible to enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Considerations when implementing steam flake equipment |
|
Definition
grain costs
fuel costs
size of operation |
|
|
Term
| What effect does a high-concentrate diet have on rumen health? |
|
Definition
will reduce the number of fiber-digesting bacteria
reduces rumination, saliva production etc required to buffer the ruken |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of feeding forage |
|
Definition
-promotes chewing, rumination to buffer pH & reduce particle size
-provides CP & minerals |
|
|
Term
| What are some different approaches to bunk management? What is the primary goal? Why is this important? |
|
Definition
-keep full at all time
-slick bunk management
-limit feeding
Goal: reduce variability in feed intake as it will affect digestive disturbances, rate of gain etc |
|
|
Term
| Pros/Cons of keeping bunks full at all times |
|
Definition
CON
-erratic intake can lead to feed wastage, digestive upsets (laminitis, acidosis)
-inconsistent F:G and cost of gain |
|
|
Term
| What is slick bunk management's goal? |
|
Definition
| -reduce variation in DMI, minimize wastage, reduce acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Under slick bunk management, when should feeders be refilled? |
|
Definition
based on behaviour, if no interest in feeders don't need to. If coming up looking for feed or competition at bunks is intense should feed more often
-if theres feed in bunk or cattle are content, dont add more |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean that we might see a delayed response in cattle behaviour to a feed change? How will this affect bunk scoring sytems? |
|
Definition
quantities of feed fed today will influence feed intake 2-3 days from now
need to evaluate consumption trends based on at least 4 days worth of feed delivery data when assessing slink-bunk management |
|
|
Term
| SDSU Bunk Scoring ranges from __ to __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often should you assess feed levels with slick bunk management? |
|
Definition
| 3x a day, before AM feeding, after AM feeding, before PM feeding |
|
|
Term
| Is a 2-3 bunk score good? |
|
Definition
| not ideal, indicates feed wastage, poorer F:G, fluctuations in DMI |
|
|
Term
| A tall firm poop indicates.... |
|
Definition
| feed intake is good and there is enough fiber in diet |
|
|
Term
| A flat brown poop indicates... |
|
Definition
| no digestive upsets/significant concerns |
|
|
Term
| A flat, grey poop indicates... |
|
Definition
| acidosis, concentrate intake may be too high |
|
|
Term
| Factors to consider when assessing cattle under slick bunk management |
|
Definition
Behaviour
Poop
Weather
-eat more during cooler periods of the day
-eat more prior to a storm, less during it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher-fiber ration fed so cattle can eat more (will consume up to 20% more if they know a storm is coming) |
|
|
Term
| How often should cattle be fed? |
|
Definition
2x a day if feeding high moisture feeds or in warm weather / rainy snowy weather
1x a day if dry feeds |
|
|
Term
| Minimum bunk space per animal |
|
Definition
6" if feeding 2x a day,
12" if forage feeding,
14-18" if limit feeding |
|
|
Term
| What effect does overmixing of feed have? |
|
Definition
ingredients will separate based on particle size/weight, so intake of different ingredients will vary
-particle size gets reduced, if too small will affect rumination/chewing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce DMI by 5-15% with the goal of improving F:G |
|
|
Term
| Pros/Cons of limit feeding |
|
Definition
Pro
-can improve F:G
-less waste produced
Con
-reduced ADG
-more time on feedlot (less yearly turnover)
-need more bunk space
-need more management (animals can get more food-aggressive, not let other eat) |
|
|
Term
| What is phase feeding? Pros/cons? |
|
Definition
-different diets fed every 2-4wks designed to meet changing nutrient requirements
Pro
-don't overfeed nutrients
-may improve feed:gain, reduce cost:gain
-reduced N excretion
Con
-more management required to mix, store, track diet schedule |
|
|
Term
| How do protein requirements of feedlot cattle change over time? |
|
Definition
| decrease as animals get larger |
|
|
Term
| What effect does oscillating CP content of feedlot diets have on cattle? |
|
Definition
improve efficiency of protein utilization
-better ADG & F:G |
|
|
Term
| Most critical time period on a feedlot |
|
Definition
first 28 days
-management key to maximizing performance, reducing mortality rate |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal for feed intake when receiving cattle? |
|
Definition
| to have them eating at least 2% of BW on a DM basis ASAP |
|
|
Term
| Routines for adjusting cattle to grain |
|
Definition
-gradually decrease roughage over the course of 28-40 days
-gradually increase grain based on %BW, quantity or MER |
|
|
Term
| Basic veal calf nutrition plan |
|
Definition
1. Milk fed until 450-500lb
2. Grain + supplement fed until 650-700lb |
|
|
Term
| How are veal calf carcasses graded |
|
Definition
Weight
Conformation
Fat Cover
Colour |
|
|
Term
| Can ionophores & implants be used for veal calfs? |
|
Definition
ionophores yes
implants no |
|
|
Term
| What calves are used for veal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is residual feed intake? |
|
Definition
the difference between actual FI and expected FI based on body weight & gain over a feeding period
RFI = FI - ADG - MW |
|
|
Term
True or False
Cattle with high RFI and low RFI grow at similar rates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Cattle with low RFI are more efficient |
|
Definition
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