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Final: Feedlot Nutrition
feedlot nurition
67
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
04/19/2016

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Term
Why do we feed grains?
Definition
-energy density
-feed availability
-production costs (reduce time on feed, increase lot turnover)
-better feed:gain
-more consistent end product
Term
Which endproduct has more consistent carcass & eating quality, grain fed or forgage fed beef
Definition
grain
Term
Why is corn higher in energy than wheat, even though wheat has more starch?
Definition
corn has 2x the ether extract
Term
Which is better for the environment, grain fed or grass fed beef?
Definition
grain fed
-reduces greenhouse gas production
-less wastage (less feces produced)
Term
Why do consumers want natural products. What as to be removed to create a 'natural' product?
Definition
concerns about health risks of hormones & antibiotics

remove implants and antibiotics
Term
Why is marketing key for selling forage-fed beef?
Definition
-appearance of product is different
-production costs are significantly greater (more time on feed, more space required etc) so need to charge more
Term
Common feedstuffs for feedlot rations
Definition
Grain (corn/barley)
Roughage (corn silage, haylage)
Protein supplement (SBM, urea, byproducts)
Byproducts (corn gluten, DDGS etc)
Term
Which gain weight faster, steers/heifers?

Which consume more feed per lb of weight gain, steers/heifers?

Which gain weight faster, bulls or steers?

Which gain weight faster, thin or fat cattle?
Definition
steers
heifers
bulls
thin
Term
Why do thin cattle gain faster than fat cattle?
Definition
have the potential to gain weight more efficiently
Term
Why do holsteins require 10% more feed per kg gain than beef breeds?
Definition
-higher maintenance requirements bc more organ tissue
-less efficient at converting energy for fat deposition
-more efficient at converting energy for protein deposition
-more pron to environmental stress (thin hide, less hair, less fat cover)
Term
Why are Holsteins important for beef
supply?
Definition
in California they are a popular product, thought to produce better quality meat. In canada they get downgraded
Term
Why do minimum roughage levels for corn-based diets vary depending on the form of the corn grain (dry vs dry rolled vs high moisture)
Definition
higher moisture will increase bulk, need to have a larger proportion to get the same nutrient density
Term
Diets high in roughage will have what effect on DMI?
Definition
limits dry matter intake because of the gut fill effect
Term
How does digestibility of the diet affect voluntary feed intake?
Definition
As digestibility exceeds 66%, chemostatic regulation within the body triggers a response to limit feed intake
Term
What are the methods of feeding feedlot cattle?
Definition
TMR
Component (feed separately)
Self-fed
Term
____ feeding makes it difficult to monitor individual roughage intake
Definition
component
Term
Why does whole corn have better digestibility than other grains?
Definition
less sophisitcated hull, despite fact cattle don't chew a lot enzymes are still able to access starchy endosperm

corn is larger grain, will settle to bottom of rumen and stay there for fairly long time, microorganisms can access it
Term
Why are grains processed?
Definition
-cracks the hull of the grain making it more readily available for digestion
Term
What factors affect how readily available grain starch is to rumen microbes?
Definition
physical processing
-ruptured pericarp allows bacteria to attach and begin working quickly
-smaller PS = more surface area for enzyme action

heat processing
-gelatinized starch is readily digestible
Term
How are rumen acidosis and starch degradability linked?
Definition
highly degradable starch will result in rapid digestion & production of VFAs, creating an acidic environment
Term
Some methods of physical processing (5)
Definition
grinding
rolling
steam flaking
extrusion
pelleting
Term
Which is better digested in the rumen, rolled barley or corn?
Definition
rolled barley
Term
What are the benefits of feeding whole corn?
Definition
lower cost
more eNDF than processed corn
Term
What are the benefits of feeding rolled/ground corn?
Definition
-improved digestion than whole corn
-mixes well in TMR
Term
What are the benefits of feeding high moisture corn
Definition
-don't need to dry the grain
-better digestion than whole or rolled
Term
What are the benefits of feeding steam flaked corn?
Definition
-greatest digestibility
-higher cost
Term
When does processing ingredients become worthwhile? (3)
Definition
when the improvement in performance outweighs the cost

-if the feeding system can incorporate the feed

-if it maximizes starch digestion without causing digestive upset
Term
How well is bypass starch digested in the small intestine?
Definition
up to 60%
Term
What factors affect postruminal starch digestion
Definition
-grain source & processing
-roughage:concentrate (high roughage = more bypass starch)
-
Term
High moisture corn can be ____ to ____ % moisture
Definition
22-40
Term
Why is high moisture corn better in terms of nutrient-availability?
Definition
pre-fermentation makes products more readily available
Term
Why is high moisture ear corn superior to dry product? (3)
Definition
-more palatable
-cob is more digestible
-don't need to add roughage to the diet
Term
How does gelatinization work?
Definition
decreases intermolecular bonding between starch molecules, makes it more accessible to enzymes
Term
Considerations when implementing steam flake equipment
Definition
grain costs
fuel costs
size of operation
Term
What effect does a high-concentrate diet have on rumen health?
Definition
will reduce the number of fiber-digesting bacteria

reduces rumination, saliva production etc required to buffer the ruken
Term
Benefits of feeding forage
Definition
-promotes chewing, rumination to buffer pH & reduce particle size
-provides CP & minerals
Term
What are some different approaches to bunk management? What is the primary goal? Why is this important?
Definition
-keep full at all time
-slick bunk management
-limit feeding

Goal: reduce variability in feed intake as it will affect digestive disturbances, rate of gain etc
Term
Pros/Cons of keeping bunks full at all times
Definition
CON
-erratic intake can lead to feed wastage, digestive upsets (laminitis, acidosis)
-inconsistent F:G and cost of gain
Term
What is slick bunk management's goal?
Definition
-reduce variation in DMI, minimize wastage, reduce acidosis
Term
Under slick bunk management, when should feeders be refilled?
Definition
based on behaviour, if no interest in feeders don't need to. If coming up looking for feed or competition at bunks is intense should feed more often

-if theres feed in bunk or cattle are content, dont add more
Term
What does it mean that we might see a delayed response in cattle behaviour to a feed change? How will this affect bunk scoring sytems?
Definition
quantities of feed fed today will influence feed intake 2-3 days from now

need to evaluate consumption trends based on at least 4 days worth of feed delivery data when assessing slink-bunk management
Term
SDSU Bunk Scoring ranges from __ to __
Definition
0 - 4
Term
How often should you assess feed levels with slick bunk management?
Definition
3x a day, before AM feeding, after AM feeding, before PM feeding
Term
Is a 2-3 bunk score good?
Definition
not ideal, indicates feed wastage, poorer F:G, fluctuations in DMI
Term
A tall firm poop indicates....
Definition
feed intake is good and there is enough fiber in diet
Term
A flat brown poop indicates...
Definition
no digestive upsets/significant concerns
Term
A flat, grey poop indicates...
Definition
acidosis, concentrate intake may be too high
Term
Factors to consider when assessing cattle under slick bunk management
Definition
Behaviour
Poop
Weather
-eat more during cooler periods of the day
-eat more prior to a storm, less during it
Term
What is a storm ration?
Definition
higher-fiber ration fed so cattle can eat more (will consume up to 20% more if they know a storm is coming)
Term
How often should cattle be fed?
Definition
2x a day if feeding high moisture feeds or in warm weather / rainy snowy weather

1x a day if dry feeds
Term
Minimum bunk space per animal
Definition
6" if feeding 2x a day,
12" if forage feeding,
14-18" if limit feeding
Term
What effect does overmixing of feed have?
Definition
ingredients will separate based on particle size/weight, so intake of different ingredients will vary

-particle size gets reduced, if too small will affect rumination/chewing
Term
What is limit feeding?
Definition
reduce DMI by 5-15% with the goal of improving F:G
Term
Pros/Cons of limit feeding
Definition
Pro
-can improve F:G
-less waste produced

Con
-reduced ADG
-more time on feedlot (less yearly turnover)
-need more bunk space
-need more management (animals can get more food-aggressive, not let other eat)
Term
What is phase feeding? Pros/cons?
Definition
-different diets fed every 2-4wks designed to meet changing nutrient requirements

Pro
-don't overfeed nutrients
-may improve feed:gain, reduce cost:gain
-reduced N excretion

Con
-more management required to mix, store, track diet schedule
Term
How do protein requirements of feedlot cattle change over time?
Definition
decrease as animals get larger
Term
What effect does oscillating CP content of feedlot diets have on cattle?
Definition
improve efficiency of protein utilization
-better ADG & F:G
Term
Most critical time period on a feedlot
Definition
first 28 days
-management key to maximizing performance, reducing mortality rate
Term
What is the goal for feed intake when receiving cattle?
Definition
to have them eating at least 2% of BW on a DM basis ASAP
Term
Routines for adjusting cattle to grain
Definition
-gradually decrease roughage over the course of 28-40 days

-gradually increase grain based on %BW, quantity or MER
Term
Basic veal calf nutrition plan
Definition
1. Milk fed until 450-500lb
2. Grain + supplement fed until 650-700lb
Term
How are veal calf carcasses graded
Definition
Weight
Conformation
Fat Cover
Colour
Term
Can ionophores & implants be used for veal calfs?
Definition
ionophores yes
implants no
Term
What calves are used for veal?
Definition
dairy bull calves
Term
What is residual feed intake?
Definition
the difference between actual FI and expected FI based on body weight & gain over a feeding period

RFI = FI - ADG - MW
Term
True or False

Cattle with high RFI and low RFI grow at similar rates
Definition
true
Term
True or False

Cattle with low RFI are more efficient
Definition
true
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