Term
| What are some of the common clinical signs of adverse reactions to food? |
|
Definition
-cutaneous lesions
-pruritic disease
-vomiting, intermittent diarrhea
-weight loss
-flatulence
-soft feces
-increased defecation |
|
|
Term
| What are immunologic vs non-immunologic adverse reactions to food? |
|
Definition
Immunologic
-anaphylaxis / allergy
-after prolonged exposure
-acute reaction
Non-Immunologic
-food poisoning, metabolic reaction
-often after single exposure to a food ingredient
-due to toxin in food, nutrient excess, toxic preservatives etc |
|
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Term
| Why are proteins common allergens? |
|
Definition
| All proteins are antigenic, only a few are allergenic |
|
|
Term
| What are common allergens for dogs / cats |
|
Definition
Dogs: beef, dairy wheat
Cats: beef, dairy, fish |
|
|
Term
| What breed is susceptible to a gluten intolerance? What is the name of the protein in concern? What are common sources? |
|
Definition
Irish Setters (genetic)
Gliadin
Wheat/barely/rye |
|
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Term
| What is the most reliable way to confirm a food allergy? What are the challenges? |
|
Definition
1. eliminate responsible food, until clinical signs are resolved
2. Re-introduce the food and look for return of signs
*does not distinguish between an intolerance and an allergy!
-takes 2-12 weeks
-many choices of foods
-other potential sources of allergens
-owner compliance |
|
|
Term
| When choosing a food for an elimination trial, protein sources can be either ____ or ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some commonly novel protein sources? CHO sources? |
|
Definition
venison
duck
rabbit
peas
lentils
sweet potato |
|
|
Term
| Compare the pros & cons of feeding a commercial vs home made diet when doing an elmination trial |
|
Definition
Commercial
-complete & balanced
-practical
-high digestibility & low allergenicity (hydrolyzed)
-no control over ingredients
-limited protein ources
-contamination
-additives
HOME MADE
-involves owner
-no additives
-control over ingredients
-diverse protein sources
-not always balanced
-technical difficulty
-time consuming |
|
|
Term
True or False
Cross-contamination is allowable per AAFCO regulations |
|
Definition
| True! Should minimize but it may occur unavoidably |
|
|
Term
| What determines antigenicity (1)? How can it be reduced? (4) |
|
Definition
-structure of the protein (primary, 2, 3)
-disrupt 3d structure
-alter AA side chains (ultrafiltration)
-cleave peptide bonds (enzymes)
-destroy antigenic sequences |
|
|
Term
| What methods of food processing can reduce antigenicity? |
|
Definition
1. heat treatment (denture proteins)
-may uncover hidden allergens
-maillard reaction products may be allergenic
2. pH manipulation
-many allergens are resistant to cid treatment
Message: may increase or decrease allergenicity! |
|
|
Term
| What means of reducing allergenicity significantly influences quality of the hydrolyzed proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pros of using hydrolyzed protein |
|
Definition
‐ Improved digestibility
‐ Reduction in allergenicity bc Lower molecular weight
‐ No decrease in nutritional value |
|
|
Term
| What shows clinical signs sooner, an allergen causing skin problems or GI problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the long-term management for a dog with allergies |
|
Definition
AVOIDANCE OF THE OFFENDING FOOD ALLERGENS!
• Nutritionally complete & balanced diet should be fed for long term:
‐ Veterinary therapeutic hydrolyzed & novel protein diets
‐ Attention should be paid to homemade diets |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathology of osteoarthritis due to overfeeding |
|
Definition
adult dogs : body fat ↑ + BW ↑
-hormonal GH decreases, mechanical overload
-cartilage thins, crumbles, destroyed
-leads to cruciate ligament rupture, osteoarthritis, discus hernia |
|
|
Term
Effects of diet restriction on life span and age‐related changes in
dogs? |
|
Definition
‐Lower body fat
‐ Delayed onset & treatment of chronic diseases
‐ Lived on average 2 years longer |
|
|
Term
| What should be done to prevent osteoarthritis? |
|
Definition
Weight control: reduce energy intake, increase satiety
Neutraceuticals
anti‐inflammatory properties
help prevent cartilage damage
**maybe poor evidence |
|
|
Term
| What effect does fish oil have for dogs with osteoarthritis? |
|
Definition
-improved clinical signs
-improves weight bearing
-improves activity
-less need for NSAIDs
Vomiting/diarrhea
‐ Weight gain
‐ Immunosuppression
‐ Delayed woundhealing
‐ Reduced blood coagulation
‐ Oxidative stress |
|
|
Term
| What effect does Glucosamine & chondroitine sulphate have for dogs with osteoarthritis? |
|
Definition
Chrondroprotective: inhibit cartilage degeneration by:
‐ Precursors for glucosaminoglycan in articular cartilage
‐ Improve metabolism of chondro’s & synovio’s
‐ Suppress degenerative enzymes & inflammatory mediators
‐ Prevent formation of thrombus, plaque and fibrin in blood vessels
NOT considered as “generally regarded as safe” ingredient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Any substance, which when present in low concentrations compared
with those of an oxidizable substrate, significantly delays or prevents
oxidation of that substrate.
The antioxidant may preserve the structural integrity or function of
a biologic molecule, and thus preserve its function in the cell
-Electron donors, oxygen scavengers, H donors |
|
|
Term
| What positive effects might antioxidants have on cancer therapy? |
|
Definition
Supplementation with high dose dietary antioxidants may improve
the efficacy of cancer therapy
By:
‐ improving immune function,
‐ increasing tumor response to radiation or chemotherapy,
‐ decreasing toxicity to normal cells,
‐ helping to reverse metabolic changes contributing to cachexia. |
|
|
Term
| What negative effects might antioxidants have on cancer therapy? |
|
Definition
Dietary antioxidants may protect cancer cells against damage by chemotherapy or radiation therapy & facilitate survival of cancer cells
Should not be used as this may counteract the cancer treatment
CURRENT CONSENSUS:
Mega‐dosing of antioxidants is not indicated as long as the pet’s diet is complete & balanced! |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of highly digestible/low residue diets? |
|
Definition
| improve proximal absorption and reduce distal overload |
|
|
Term
| What factors influence digestibility? |
|
Definition
ash
crude fiber
anti-nutritive factors
processing (heat, temp, maillard products) |
|
|
Term
| What are some diseases treated well with highly digestible diets? |
|
Definition
gastroenteritis
small bowel disease
colitis
constipation |
|
|
Term
| What is role of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
synthesize digestive enzymes & bicarbonate
-lipase, amylase, trypsine produced as zymogens & secreted into SI |
|
|
Term
| What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency? |
|
Definition
-indigestion due to poor pancreatic enzyme efficiency
-cannot absorb nutrients
-undigested fats & carbs lead to diarrhea, bloating etc. |
|
|
Term
| Why would you restrict dietary fat for EPI patients? what is a concern? |
|
Definition
-reduce bilee secretion, fewer uncojugated bile acids in gut, reduces secretory diarrhea
issue: reduces energy density, patients are often already underweight |
|
|
Term
| Why would you restrict dietary fibre for EPI patients? what is a concern? |
|
Definition
-maximize digestibility
-soluble fiber better than insoluble
- |
|
|
Term
| Why would you increase protein for EPI patients? |
|
Definition
-patients need to gain weight
-feed highly digestible hydrolyzed proteins to facilitate absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Highly digestble
-high protein
-low fat
-low fiber
-pancreatic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of disrupted fat digestion/absorption? |
|
Definition
weight loss
fatty acid, vit & mineral deficiencies
diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is lymphangiectasia? |
|
Definition
disruption of lymphactic system
-results in fat malabsorption, disrupted mucosal barrier, hypoproteineimia |
|
|
Term
| What should you do to treat lymphangiectasia |
|
Definition
reduce enteric protein loss
Low fiber to maximize digestibility
High protein to compensate & weight gain
Severe fat restriction to minimize lymph flow, reduce lympatis distenion, reduce protein loss
Feed medium-chain TGs to provide extra energy to skinny patients |
|
|
Term
| When treating allergic dogs, what should be done first? |
|
Definition
| dietary treatment before drug therapy |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat an allergic dog? |
|
Definition
-highly digetible hydrolyzed/novel protein
-use only 1 animal & 1 vegetable protein source which animal hasnt seen
-moderate fat, with omega 3s to reduce inflam
low fiber |
|
|
Term
| Why would you feed a fiber-enhanced diet? Good & bad? |
|
Definition
-improve gut motility
-modify gastric emptying
-bind excess water
-help microflora
-alter viscosity
-decreaseses DM digestibility
-affects mineral availablility
-lots of fermentable fiber = diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat megacolon? |
|
Definition
-severely damaged motility! dont add fiber
-feed highly digestible/low residue |
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