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| Any and all of the actions performed by an organism |
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| Animal behavior and evolution focus on this |
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| Neurobiology, physiology and psychology ask these kinds of questions |
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| The production of a signal by one organism that causes another organism to change its behavior in a way beneficial to one or both |
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Most effective over short distances
Almost Instantaneous |
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| When specific movements or postures convey a message |
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| Size, shape, or color of an animal conveys information |
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Effective over longer distances than visual
Almost instantaneous |
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| Sound communication conveyed by |
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| Variations in sound pattern, volume and pitch |
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| Pheromones can influence the behavior of other members of the same species |
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| Messages persist longer, effective over long distances, less information conveyed |
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| used to maintain social bonds among group members |
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| Allows competitors to assess each other and have a winner without injury or death |
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| when each animal establishes a rank that determines access to resources |
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| Initial aggression determines status |
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| defense of territories contain limited resources such as mates, food and shelter |
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| Needed for successful mating |
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| same species, opposite sex, sexually receptive |
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| Group Living Disadvantages |
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| Increased competition, risk of infection, offspring getting killed, being spotted by predators |
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| Increased ability to detect predators, hunting and food-finding, division of labor, likelihood of finding a mate |
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| Individuals may sacrifice their own interests for the good of the colony |
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| Can be performed without prior experience |
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| a decline in response to a repeated stimulus |
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new and appropriate responses to stimuli are acquired through experience
Based on rewards or punishments |
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| study of animal behavior in natural conditions |
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Birth control pills
Hormone injections |
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| Condoms, Diaphragm, Sterilization, Abstinence |
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| Early Embryonic Development |
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| Cleavage, Gastrulation, Neurulation |
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| Single cells divide by mitosis to form a hollow ball of 1,000 cells |
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| Three distince germ layers of tissue form |
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| the three types of tissue created during gastrulation begin to develop into the various organs and tissues |
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| The accumulation of damage to DNA over time |
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| acts on the testis to produce testosterone |
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| act on the ovary to stimulate the maturation of the oocytes and produce estrogen and progesterone |
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| Withing an egg outside the mother's body |
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| Within an egg that remains in the mother's body until it hatches |
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| takes place inside the mother, live offspring are born |
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| rapid growth and appearance of secondary sexual characteristice at the onset of sexual maturity |
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| stimulates LH and FSH release |
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| unable to take up glucose from the blood |
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| hereditary autoimmune disease, abnormally low insuline secretion |
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| cells don't responde to insulin, reduction in the number of insulin receptors in the target tissue |
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| increases metabolic rate and promotes growth |
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| inhibits the release of calcium from bones and promotes the uptake of calcium by bones |
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| four small glands attached to the thyroid |
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| liaison between the nervous and endocrine systems. controls the pituitary |
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| nine hormones are produced, two lobes |
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| three small bones that transfer the vibration to the inner ear fluid |
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| interpret sound as changes in fluid that move a sensitive membrane |
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| supplements the fish's sense of hearing |
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| emit sounds and then determine the time it takes these sounds to reach and object and return |
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| class of sensations generated by numerous types of sensory neurons |
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| used to capture prey and to communicate with other electric fish |
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| chemical signal relayed over distances |
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| chemical signal acts on adjacent cell, quick response |
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| collagen bands that connect bone to bone at joint |
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| Provides flexible support and connections |
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| straps of dense connective tissue that attach muscles to bone |
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| attached to bones, moves the skeleton |
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| located in the heart, pumps blood |
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| composed of large numbers of long filaments made of actin and myosin |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| nerves the connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
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| controls voluntary motion |
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| controls involuntary responses |
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| neurotransmitter released by motor neurons at the pint where they synapse with the muscle cells |
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| excitatory neurotransmitter involved with learning and memory |
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| initiating and coordinating movement, happiness |
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| inhibitory neurotransmitter, appetite, sleep, anxiety and mood |
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| Nonspecific external barriers |
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| First line of defense, prevent microbes from entering the body |
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| Nonspecific internal barriers |
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| Second line of defense, broad internal responses to microbe infection |
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| immune cells selectively destroy specific invading microbes and toxins |
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| macrophages and neutrophils |
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| attack body cells that are cancerous or infected with virus |
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| lymphocytes, the chemicals they produce and they organs that they live in |
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| formed and differentiate in the bone marrow |
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| formed in the bone marrow; differentiate in the thymus |
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| maintenance of relatively constant internal chemical and physical environment in the face of constantly changing environmental factors |
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| measure each conditioning of the internal environment |
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| proper value for a particular internal condition |
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| change the value of the condition back toward the set point |
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| maintain relatively constant body temperature |
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| body temperatures depend more or less on the environmental temperature |
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| regulation of the body's osmotic composition |
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| insect excretory organs-extensions of the digestive tract |
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| eat the energy we need for growth and activity |
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| single stranded, ribose, uracil |
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| All living species are descended with modifications from previously existing species |
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| nucleus, rough ER, Golgi, secretory vesicle |
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| oxidative metabolism takes place |
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| photosynthesis takes place |
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| degradation of food particles and damaged organelles |
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| macromoleules and function as enzymes |
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| monomers that are immediate energy source for cells |
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| macromolecules that direct synthesis of proteins and store hereditary information |
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| common microbial culprits in human disease |
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| lives in very extreme environments |
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| membrane bound organelles, vertebrates |
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| active transport of sodium and potassium through a pump |
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| versatile solvent, cohesion/adhesion, ice floats, high specific heat and heat of vaporization |
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| determines primary structure of protein |
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| depends on primary structure, critical to function, can cause disease of incorrect |
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| Globular protein w/ concave functional site |
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| Glycolysis takes place in the |
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| Cellular respiration produces |
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| unicellular and multicellular species |
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| bind to active sites of enzymes |
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| atom that has gained or lost one electron |
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| Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen |
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| absorb H, maintains pH levels, releases H |
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| Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Lipids |
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| made of polar region w/ two non-polar fatty acid tails |
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| collection, packaging and distribution of molecules |
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| passive movement of molecules across a concentration gradient |
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| Enzymes are catalysts because |
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| on the surface of a reactant where it binds to the enzyme |
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| Light dependent reactions |
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| Light independent reactions |
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| occur in the chloroplasts |
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| Eukaryotes are closely related to |
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| spherical, rod like, corkscrew |
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| protein used to cute DNA at specific sites |
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| separates the double helix |
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| gases exchanged with the blood in the lungs |
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| gas exhange in terristrial arthropods |
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| more carbs than fat, essential nutrients, sufficient calories |
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| carry impulses away from the CNS |
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| insulate and speed impulse conduction down neurons |
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| brain's center for thought and association |
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