Term
| Before cells are able to reproduce,.... |
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Definition
| there must be a division of the nucleus and its DNA, |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in germ cells that divide to form gametes (sex cells);
the process by which one diploid eukaryotic cell divides to generate four haploid cells (gametes); |
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Term
| Why is meiosis important? |
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Definition
| Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction and therefore occurs in all eukaryotes that reproduce sexually; |
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Term
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Definition
the form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size and is used by most prokaryotes.
Results in the reproduction of a living cell by division into two equal or near-equal parts.
i.e. bacterial DNA |
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Term
| organisms that reproduce by binary fission,... |
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Definition
generally have exponential growth phases;
i.e. bacteria, archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease caused by the unplanned division and growth of cells; |
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Term
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Definition
somatic cells if it occurs early in developement;
cancer in sex cells pass the cancer on to the offspring (germ line) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mutation - genetic information (dna) is changed; this causes the cell to divide.
2. Division - cells begin to reproduce rapidly, producing a tumor (abnormal mass of constantly dividing cells)
3. Invasion - Matatasis (spreading of cancer cells throughout the body) occurs; |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals or radiation that causes mutations; |
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Term
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Definition
normal dna that controls cellular division;
one of the genes that affects cancer; |
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Term
| Proto-oncogene's Function |
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Definition
1. controls production of growth protein (proteins that cause cells to divide)
2. production of receptor proteins (recieve signals from outside the cell)
3. production of transcription proteins (control gene expression by binding to the DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| mutated proto-oncogene; one mutation will result in cancer; |
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Term
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Definition
gene that controls/stops rapidly dividing cells
i.e. p53 protein/gene |
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Term
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Definition
1. surgery - removal of tumors
2. radiation therapy - radiation is used to destroy rapidly dividing tumors.
3. Chemo therapy - mixture of anti-cancer drugs to destroy tumors.
(both radiation and chemo therapy are harmful to normal cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic makeup of an individual; (one cant see) |
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Term
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Definition
| physical characteristics of an individual; (you can see) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| determine the sex of an individual; |
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Term
| Mendel's 5 part hypothesis |
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Definition
1. every gene will have two alleles; (alternate forms or variations of a gene)
2. Law of Segregation - alleles seperate during meiosis.
3. Law of Independent Assortment - allele seperation is random;
4. Dominant allele - mask/hide the expression of another allele; recessive allele - masked/hidden in the presence of another allele;
5. Homozygous - same alleles for a gene (2 dominent or 2 recessive); hederozygous - different alleles for a gene; |
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Term
| Variations to Mendel's Hypothesis |
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Definition
1. Multiple alleles - gene will have many alleles because of mutations.
2. Co-dominance - two dominant alleles expressed equally (ex. AB bloodtype)
3. Incomplete dominance - dominant allele does not completely hide recessive allele. (pink flowers{red and white})
4. Polygenetic inheritance - many genes controlling one physical characteristic (trait)(ex. eye skin color)
5. Pleiotrophy - one gene controlling many physical characteristics (SRY gene in males) |
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Term
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Definition
| prediction of both genotype and phenotype of offspring; |
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Term
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Definition
| punnett square that looks at one physical characteristic; |
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Term
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Definition
| looks at (predicts) two traits; |
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Term
| recessive allele disorders |
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Definition
| disorders caused by recessive alleles; individual must have two recessive alleles to display disorder; |
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Term
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Definition
hederozygote that will not display the disorder
ex. sickle cell trait |
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Term
| dominant allele disorders |
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Definition
| disorders cause by dominant alleles; only needs one copy of the dominant allele to actually display the disease/disorder; |
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Term
| sex-linked (sex chromosome disorders) |
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Definition
| disorders carried on the sex chromosomes; (90% are located on the X chromosome) |
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Term
| chromosome number disorders |
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Definition
| too much or too little genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of homologous chromosomes to seperate during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| results from nondisjunction of autosomes; will have 3 copies of chromosome #21; reulst in an individual having down-syndrome; |
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Term
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Definition
nondisjunction in the sex chromosomes; females may only have one X chromosome; (XO)
These females are sterile and lack 2nd sexual characteristics; |
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Term
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Definition
| nondisjunction in sex chromosomes; female will have 3 X chromosomes; |
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Term
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Definition
| nondisjuntion in sex chromosomes; male will have 2 X chromosomes and one Y (XXY); male will be sterile with mixed secondary sexual characteristics; |
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Term
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Definition
| nondisjunction in sex chromosomes; male with 1X and 2Y chromosomes (XYY); "normal" |
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Term
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Definition
benign - tumor tht will stay in place;
malignant - tumor has the ability to invade surrounding areas; |
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