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| Presentational Aids can... |
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Definition
-Clarify/support main ideas
-Engage listener emotions
-Enhance credibility
-Focus audience on what's important
-Make speech interesting
-Aid in retention |
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| Symbols that are widely understood and used in place of verbal representations (ex: $) |
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| Ability to think discerningly about visual images |
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| Allows for educators, scholars, and students to use limited amounts of copyrighted material for noncommercial purposes without obtaining permission |
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| Font without any embellishments |
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-Affects the whole community/nation
-Debated |
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| Respecting our fellow citizens and backing up our opinions with good reasoning/evidence |
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| Involve controversies over existence, scope, and causality |
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| Revolve around how ideas/actions should be evaluated/judged |
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| Involve choices among future courses of action |
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| Your responsibility to meet a certain standard of proof in a context |
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| Strong language that plays on emotions/feelings |
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| Chief mechanism thru which citizens in a democracy select leaders, determine civic priorities, resolve controversies, and choose policies. |
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| Woodrow Wilson's term for the ethical, civic-minded public speaker |
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| Series of ideas, each one supported by evidence, used to advance a particular position on an issue |
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| Debatable assertions about a fact, value, or policy |
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-Provides support for claims
-Should meet certain tests of quantitative/qualitative reasoning |
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| General assumptions, principles, rules that connect evidence to the claim |
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| In the Toulmin model, additional support for a disputed/controversial warrant in an argument |
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| The accused is innocent until proven guilty |
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| Infers that what is true of some known case is/will be true of a similar case |
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| Process of drawing inferences from known facts |
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| Draws a general conclusion from a set of specific examples |
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| Draws conclusions about specific cases from a generally accepted premise/principle |
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| Makes inferences from cause to effect or vice versa |
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| Errors/flaws of reasoning and evidence |
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| Rhetorical syllogism/form of deductive reasoning where the speaker draws inferences from a general principle/rule already accepted by the audience |
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| Because something has never been proven wrong, then it must be right |
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| Accept something just because "everyone else" accepts it |
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| Conclusion doesn't follow logically from the arguments/evidence that precede it |
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| It's right because it's always been done that way |
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| Raising an irrelevant, often highly emotional issue that prevents critical examination of an argument |
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| Speaker attributes an easy to refute argument to the opponent, then proceeds to demolish it |
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| Suggesting that we only have 2 alternatives when there's actually more |
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Claim is restated and passed
off as evidence, thus your logic goes in a circle |
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| Comparing things that aren't similar |
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| Some cause will inevitably lead to undesirable effects, resulting in some worst case scenario |
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| Speaker confuses a chronological relationship with a causal one |
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| Generalizing to a larger population from too few examples |
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| Attacking someone's character |
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| Judging an idea/person/program solely on the basis of its association with other ideas/people/programs |
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-Help us remember the past
-Honour heroes
-Celebrate shared beliefs/values
-Provide inspiration/encouragement |
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| Guiding idea of the speech that you want listeners to take away from it. |
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| Monroe's Motivated Sequence |
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Technique for organizing persuasive speeches
-Attention getter
-Relevance/explanation of problem
-Satisfaction/solution
-Visualization: what will happen if we do/don't implement solution
-Call to action |
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