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| the taken-for-granted way of life for a group of persons in a particular place and time |
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| groups of persons who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture |
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| suggests that individuals have multiple cultural identities that are created and sustained through communication |
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| the enactment of conduct by individuals or group members that demonstrate group affiliation, understanding of what it takes to be a group member, and the ability to perform social practices of membering in a way that is deemed appropriate or acceptable to some degree by group members |
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| individualism/collectivism |
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| independent vs group orientation |
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| uncertainty/avoidance or high context vs low context |
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| accepting or rejecting uncertainty; cultures develop rituals and traditions |
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| concerned with inequalities and status differences |
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| concerned with sex and gender roles; masculine cultures value achievement, independence; femininity stresses service, interdependence |
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| long-term/short-term orientations |
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| immediacy vs. long-term goals |
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| a norm to repay in kind what we receive (social exchange); can be material or social/emotional |
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| like to remain consistent in beliefs, values, actions; allows us to think less about arguments; commitments aer MOST effective when they are ACTIVE, PUBLICT, EFFORTFUL and mostly INTERNALIZED |
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| look at what others do/say and respond likewise; more likely to occur when others are seen as similar to us; often used in situations of uncertainty |
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| persons prefer to say "yes" to thsoe they like |
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| we are more likely to pay attention to those with power and prestige |
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| the less available something is, the more desirable |
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| the domination of culture by one particular cultural group, resulting in the empowerment of certain cultural beliefs, values, and practices over others |
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| the oppressive structure in society that privileges the beliefs, values, and practices of men |
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| pejorative over-generalization; all members of a group are characterized as having the same negative qualities |
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| groups are as they are because that is their nature; differences in groups are treated as polar opposites |
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| characteristics of privileged groups become the norm for judging other groups |
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| stresses honest, satisfying relationships |
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| actions from a humanistic perspective |
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| self disclosure, sensitive to others, less judgmental, acknowledge the importance of others (Think of a councilor) |
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| stresses accomplishing goals and outcomes |
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| actions from a pragmatic perspective |
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| strategic/planned communication, confident manner to gain trust/self-control, direct responses and interaction management to move discussion towards a decision, language like "we" and "our" (Think of a Coach and a player) |
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| social exchange perspective |
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| stresses the cost/benefit dimension of relationships |
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| a political figure sharing the same views as voters in efforts to gain votes |
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| identification through antithesis |
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| involves working together to counter a common enemy |
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| unconscious identification |
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| occurs when persons are not aware of it (Ex. assuming we share interests with the Packers or War effort) |
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| 3 processes for identification to occur in orgs |
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| individuals take a personal interest in the success of the org; start seeing the company as their company; making decisions based on orgs goals and values |
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| when employees act according to the orgs needs |
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| point out elements employees share with the (Ex. expression of concern for the individual; recognition of individual contributions; espousal of shared values) |
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| identification by antithesis |
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| rally employees against a common opponent/adversary (Ex. we need to do our part to gain market share from Company Y) |
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| statements that distinguish the org (we)from non-organizational entities (they) |
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| objects the identity the group as the group (company logo, uniforms, dress code) |
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| the process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensations |
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| stereotyping is a form of...? |
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| represent societal norms, beliefs, and collective perceptions and are necessarily culture specific |
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| main differences between men and women |
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| voice/pronunciation, argumentation style, physical, behavioral |
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| masculine communication styles |
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| competitive, assertive, task-oriented, individualistc |
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| feminine communication styles |
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| cooperative, supportive, relational |
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| providing reasons and evidence to support one's request |
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| negative sanctions and threats for noncompliance |
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| indirect rather than directly asking |
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| using support of others or specific groups to convince the target to agree |
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| demonstrating desired behavior (lead by example) |
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| will accept a larger request after complying with a smaller request |
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| first request is so large it is rejected, but then accept a smaller request |
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| start wit ha small request and slowly adding to the original request |
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| judge one thing in relation to another |
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| the interpretation, description, and evaluation of texts |
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| critics explanation of how the text works |
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| referring to the original text |
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| judging the ethicality, aesthetics, or effectiveness of a text |
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| creating humor through imitating a style or genre of literature or other media; involves both imitation of an original text AND discrepancies |
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| effective parodies can serve to help us re-describe what we take for granted as conventional wisdom, rational though, and timeless truth to be absurd |
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| when one text references, makes use of, or actually includes part or all of another text |
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| a joint persuasive campaign in which two or more companies seeking to reach the same audience pool their resources to make a stronger appeal than each could alone |
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| includes license merchandizing |
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| advertised products in entertainment |
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| the networking of various media sources through the integration of voice, video, and data techniques |
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| control of a single type of mass medium (ex. newspapers) |
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| ownership of different types of mass media b the same corp (Disney) |
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| the process through which objects obtain value |
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| the order in which brands come to mind |
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| the ideas consumer shave about a particular brand; includes attributes such as relevance, performance, and advantages |
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| attracts attention; not harm comprehension; not enhance source credibility; the audience affects humor response |
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| aka "war cry". single words or short phrases with imperative mood strongly implied |
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| serves functions such as rhythm in delivery; unifies a sequence of ideas; emphasizes and idea; creates emotional effect |
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| attention, framing, image shown from below or above (angle), images of subservience |
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| Greek word. A time when conditions are right for the accomplishment of a crucial moment |
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| people forget where the message came from but remember the general sense of the message |
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| humor ______ comprehension |
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| humor works better with what types of products? |
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| print ads get attention by? |
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| shocking elements, violations of reality, direct eye glaze |
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| photos selectively represent something |
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| facial features for children, women as submissive or childlike, images of men (conventionally avoided direct views/side views) |
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| appealing and asking higher up |
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| ask others to participate |
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| claim authority to make a request, or argue that the request is consistent with organizational policies or traditions |
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| desirable lifestyle, social rewards, affluent setting, sexual rewards, gift giving...etc. |
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| psychological models of advertising |
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| based on stimulus-response |
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| economic models of advertising |
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| based on we purchase on price and elasticity |
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| sociological model of advertising |
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| social groups influence consumer behavior |
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| statistical models of advertising |
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| examines groups or types of consumers |
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| criticisms of advertising |
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| social effects, deception, targets children, freedom of speech |
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Definition
| the approach used to attract the attention of consumers and/or to influence their feelings toward the product, service, or cause. (Such as, emotional appeal=fear, humor, guilt, transformative appeal=power, self-esteem, rational-function appea=norms) |
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| Hofstedes Dimension of Culture |
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Definition
| indiv/collect, high/low, short/long orientation,masc/fem |
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Definition
| rally together against a common opponent/adversary |
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| enemy defined as savage aggressors, criminals, subhuman (animals, primitive), contrasting our values (force cs freedom, irrationality vs rationality, aggression vs defense) |
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| exchange of benefits/Bargaining |
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| offering to do something, or reminding others of past favors |
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| use demands, threats, orders, or persistent reminders |
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| using organizationally derived rewards and punishments |
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| attempting to stop a co-worker from accomplishing tasks through various techniques such as refusing to work with him/her |
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| arouse enthusiasm by appealing to values, ideals, and aspirations |
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| appeal to others' friendship or loyalty |
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| messages sent from lower levels of the org to upper levels of the hierarchy |
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| messages from higher to lower levels |
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| messages shared between equals (those as the same level in the hierarchy) |
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