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| Two Common mineral bonds & example |
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Definition
ionic- donates electron to an atom (Halite)
Covalent- share electrons (Diamond) |
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| Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a well defined and orderly crystalline structure |
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Common use:
Bauxite
Hematite
Sphalerite |
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| Abundant elements in earth's crust |
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Definition
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| Causes of seismicity for Mt.Pinatubo |
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Definition
Rising Magma
Mountain Letting off steam
tectonic stress |
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| Volcano type for Colombia River Basalt |
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Definition
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| Paracutin, Mexico volcano type |
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| Melting at ocean spreading ridges |
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| Decompression- pressure decreases and solids can liquify and become new rock/mineral |
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| Melting at convergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
| Pressure increases and heat increases to change the rock |
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| Types of data collected at Mt.Pinatubo |
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Definition
seismic activity from volcano
gas levels of sulfur at the cone or head of volcano |
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| section of origin rock surrounded by a different type of rock and is cut off from similar rock (island) |
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| Original though of land mass that was first then split and drifted to locations today |
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| Plutonic continental crust |
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Definition
| Volcanic convergent boundaries |
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| 2 reasons why convergent margin volcanoes are more explosive than ocean ridge |
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Definition
more pressure built up and released at once
lower temperatures |
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| Igneous structures at Devils Tower, Ship Rock |
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Definition
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Definition
| Ropy basaltic lava flows in Hawaii |
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| Two ores in WI mines and issues |
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Definition
| Copper,iron, zinc- waste materials can contaminate and leech into the aquifers and can be toxic to humans and animals |
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| Hazard for Fibrous amphibole |
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Definition
| can get into lungs because they are very fine and cause lung cancer |
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| Hazard for Montmorillonite clay |
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Definition
| building on clay is hazardous can expand and sink depending on moisture |
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| Two most common MINERALS of earth |
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Definition
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| Fine grained, microscopic crystals |
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| Two sized crystals, only one is visible |
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| Two size crystals, both are visible |
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| Frothy texture due to gases escaping magma |
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| How minerals solidify and the way the will |
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| Tubular igneous bodies that parallel rock layers |
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| Polygonal dikes formed by cooling of mafic magma |
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| Linear Magnetic Anomolies |
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Definition
| Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews |
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Definition
Magma diversification:
some of the rock is melted and produces a new rock |
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Definition
| Magma diversification: formation of crystals removes chemical cmponents of crystal from liquid and changes composition |
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| Positively Charged and are in nucleus |
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| Neutral charged particle and located in nucleus |
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| Protolight of Mica Schist |
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| Sediments originally deposited horizontally |
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Definition
| The oldest layer is on the bottom, each layer above that is younger |
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| Law of cross cutting/intrusion |
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Definition
| Dikes and intrusions are younger than the rock cut into it |
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| Resource value of Greenstones |
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Definition
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Definition
| weathering is the breakdown of the rocks and erosion is the transportation of the particles by wind,water etc. |
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| Chemical process where feldspars decompose to clay |
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Definition
| Chemical process where limestone weathers |
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Definition
| two protons and neutrons are lost, atomic number decreases by two and atomic mass decreases by four |
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| Sandstone- formed in a beach environment |
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| Diagnostic rocks and structures from streams |
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| Rounded stones and sandstone, ripple marks form and indicate a stream in the rock beds |
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| Sedimentary rocks and structures from desert |
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Definition
| Evaporates like rock salts |
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| Sedimentary rocks and structures from floodplain |
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Definition
| Silts from the fine grained sand |
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| Limestone weathering product |
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Definition
| soil has high concentrations of shell and calcium carbonate |
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Definition
| high concentrations of clay from decomposed feldspars |
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| Mechanical weathering agent |
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Definition
| ice wedging, water fills in cracks in the rock and freezes, the water expands and the rock breaks appart |
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| % Chance of 50 year flood |
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Definition
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| % chance of 20 year flood |
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Definition
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| Two rock types where Karst Topography develops |
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Definition
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| Two potential aquifer rocks |
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| Regions that receive less than 25cm of precipitation per year |
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| How to calculate stream discharge |
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Definition
| Stream width x Stream depth x Stream velocity |
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Definition
| Capacity- rate of permeability |
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| Hydraulic gradient- ability of water to travel through sediments |
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Definition
| mass of ice originating on land from compaction and recrystallization of snow that shows evidence of past/present flow |
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| Last glacial advance peak |
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| Years ago last glacial advance ended |
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Definition
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| Located in western us and has over pumping and risk of saltwater intrusion |
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| Origin of sedientary deposits in Stevens Point |
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Definition
| Beach environment to shallow marine environment |
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| Global sea rise last 15,000 years |
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Definition
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| Ag impacted floods along mississippi |
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Definition
Working the soil created loose sediments which were able to be carried away.
Farmers needed natural levees to protect farmland from natural flood cycles |
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Term
| 2 Geographic reasons Southwest US is a desert |
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Definition
Rain shadow from the mountains
No permanent streams |
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Term
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Definition
Eccentricity- change in shape of earth's orbit around the sun
Obliquity- changes in the angle of earth's axis towards or away from the sun |
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Term
| 2 stabilization projects the ACOE develops on the coast |
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Definition
Dunes- create dunes to try and hold the sand in place
Breakwaters- ledges or walls out seaward to slow down waves |
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| Waves that decrease velocity in outer core |
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Definition
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| Waves of highest velocity |
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| Waves that don't penetrate the outer core |
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Definition
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| Crust-Mantle seismic boundary |
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| Geologic environment where coal forms |
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Definition
| Swampy environment where vegetation falls and is covered up |
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Definition
| Located in Wyoming and is the largest coal mine in the U.S, provides majority of coal for our country |
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Definition
| Suggested fracking of the shale deposits to extract natural gas |
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Definition
| stress accumulates, is released from one area along a fault and is transferred farther down the fault |
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Definition
| earth, moon and sun are aligned |
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Definition
| earth, moon and sun are at right angles |
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Definition
| four causes:earthquakes, landslides,volcanic erruption, meteorite impacts |
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Definition
| steep slope, doesn't break the wave, rolls onto the beach |
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Definition
| moderate slopes, wave curls into tunnel until wave breaks |
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| gentle beach, waves break far from the beach, surf rolls over the front of the wave |
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Definition
| force along ocean and volcano, ocean water has a negative and voclano side is positive gradual force |
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Term
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Definition
| East pacific ocean plate was largely subducted |
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Definition
| Modern day remnant of farallan plate |
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| 3 Orogenies of the Appalachian Mountains |
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Definition
| Taconic, Acadian and Alleghenian |
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