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| moving away from each other |
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| mountains formed by magma from Earth's interior |
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| currently erupting or have erupted in recorded history |
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| plates move away from each other |
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| plates collide and slide over each other |
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| found at areas where magma rises to surface, Hawaiian islands |
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Definition
| sediments build up and compress, limestone |
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| pressure and heat applied to rock inside Earth's mantle, slate |
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| rock melts and resolidifies, magma comes to surface, emerges as lava, cools to make rock, basalt |
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| greenhouse effect from ozone |
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| aka ionosphere, absorbs solar wind from Sun |
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| day to day temperature, pressure, sunlight, wind speed, humidity |
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Definition
| constant patterns of an area |
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Definition
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| vertical currents that rise from warm gases expanding and becoming less dense |
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Definition
| temperature water vapor condenses into liquid |
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| fallen condensation (frozen or liquid) |
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Definition
| air from body of water moves inland and runs into mountain, rises and on other side, no moisture left |
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Definition
| intense tropical storms (typhoon or cyclone in Pacific Ocean) |
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| where water from a particular stream collects and drains into |
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Definition
| where rivers meet ocean, made of deposited sediments |
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| freshwater and saltwater mix, rich with species |
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Definition
| marshes, swamps, bogs, prairie potholes, flood plains, ecologically diverse |
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Definition
| water below ground, can be from wells or aquifers (layers of Earth or gravel with water) |
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Definition
| shallow water at shoreline |
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Definition
| open water, sunlight can penetrate |
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| between shore and end of continental shelf |
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| no photosynthesis, middle region |
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Definition
| deep ocean, very cold, little dissolved oxygen, high nutrients |
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Definition
| surface and plant litter, lots organic matter, fungi, freshly fallen |
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| topsoil, lots of organic matter, mineral material, humus, partially decomposed |
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| regolith, partially broken down inorganic materials, parent material |
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Definition
| bedrock, unaltered parent material |
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| thin layer taken off land surface |
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Definition
| capacity to supply nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) for plant growth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mineral salts accumulate in soil, saline irrigation |
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Term
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Definition
Less than 25 cm rain per year, sandy soil
Lots of cacti b/c water-adapted
30 degrees north and south of equator |
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Term
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Definition
50-75 cm rain, shallow infertile soil
Small trees w/ big leaves, shrubs
Western North America, Mediterranean |
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Term
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Definition
Less than 25 cm rain, permafrost for soil
Small herbaceous plants
Northern parts of North America, Europe, and Russia |
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Term
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Definition
10-60 cm rain, rich soil
Many types of grasses
N. America prairies, S. African velds, Russian steppes, Argentinean pampas |
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Term
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Definition
75-250 cm, high rainfall, rich soil
Hardwood trees
N. America, E. Asia, Europe, Australia |
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200-400 cm, high rainfall, poor soil
Tall trees, vines
S. America, W. Africa, Southeast Asia |
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Term
| Taiga (Coniferous Forest) |
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Definition
20-60 cm rainfall, acidic soil
Coniferous trees
Northern parts of N. America and Eurasia |
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Term
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Definition
| Convert sun energy or chemical energy into carbohydrates, photosynthesis or chemosynthesis |
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Definition
| lichens grow in lifeless area |
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Definition
| grasses, existing community has been cleared with soil leftover |
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Definition
| species in first stages of primary or secondary succession |
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Term
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| final stage of succession |
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Term
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Definition
| (K) is max population size that can be supported with resources available in particular region |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of productive land to desert |
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Term
| Causes of desertification |
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Definition
| overgrazing, deforestation, adverse soil erosion, poor drainage of irrigated land, overuse of water supplies |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated irrigation forces soil salts to the top |
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Definition
| removing trees for agri. or selling as lumber |
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| never cut, growing for hundreds of years |
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| trees and crops planted together |
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Definition
| animals eat grass faster than it grows |
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| not regenerated during human existence |
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