Term
|
Definition
Known as the father of bacteriology and protozoology
Made his own microscopes
Discovered the microbial world of bacteria and protozoans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Began the field of immunology by vaccination a boy with vaccinia virus which causes cowpox to prevent infection by Variola virus which causes smallpox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed the taxonomic system for naming animals and plants and grouping similar organisms together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Boiled infusions in flasks with S shaped necks
Allowed for air to enter but kept out dust particles
Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
Developed pasteurization, proved that grape juice ferments with yeast and with bacteria in it makes acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Introduced antiseptic practices in nursing
Scrubbed wards and replaced contaminated clothing and dressings
Documented statistics supporting her practices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Developed procedures for antiseptic surgery
Sprayed wounds, surgical incisions, and dressing with carbolic acid (Phenol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grouped similar organisms that can successfully interbreed into categories called species
Used binomial nomenclature in his system: First word capital second lower case and words are italicized or underlined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basic building blocks of macromolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long hydrophobic chains of carbon and hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| Building blocks of Proteins |
|
Definition
| Mostly compose of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfer |
|
|
Term
| Building blocks of Lipids |
|
Definition
Not composed of regular (monomers) subunits, but are all hydrophobic
Four Groups:
Fats/Triglycerides (Glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
Phospholipids (phosphate plus lipid)
Waxes |
|
|
Term
| Building blocks of Carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O). For all practical purposes, we will consider glucose as the monomer |
|
|
Term
| Building blocks of Nucleic Acids |
|
Definition
DNA and RNA: the genetic material of organisms, RNA helps form proteins
The monomers that make up nucleic acids are called nucleotide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Composed of three parts
Phosphate
Pentose sugar
One of five cyclic nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of oxygen is necessary for survival, oxygen is final electron acceptor for ATP production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen is a deadly poison, because of its oxidative properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms whose metabolic efficiency is reduced in anaerobic conditions, but survival is still possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex relationships between many cells of one species, or many species, in which a cellular matrix made of proteins and polysaccharides fibers make a film providing protection from environmental stresses: pH, temperatures, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protects cell from drying out
Allows cell to attach to surfaces, like teeth (tartar)
Called a capsule when firmly attached
Called a slime layer when loosely attached
Usually feature of pathogenic bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long structures extending beyond the surface of the cell and glycocalyx that propel a cell through its environment, like the tail on a tadpole
Not present on all prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sticky, proteinaceous, bristle like projections, shorter than flagella
Help bacteria to adhere to one another or to other substances around them
Aid in formation of biofilms, slimy masses of bacteria growing in a colon, like tartar on teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tubules composed of pilin
Longer than fimbriae
Used like a grappling hook to move across substrate or toward another bacterium
Also known as conjugation pili
Mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thick layer of peptidoglycan containing teichoic acids, which have a negative charge
Stain PURPLE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Have a bilayer membrane outside of the peptidoglycan layer
The outside later is composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a lipid combined with a sugar (Lipid A)
Stain PINK |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A bipolar, two layered membrane, outside being hydrophilic and inside being hydrophobic
The phospholipid bilayer is said to follow a fluid mosaic model, meaning it is composed of many tiny tile like structures that are free to flow laterally, like floating cheerios in a bowl of milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liquid portion of cytoplasm, much like plasma is the liquid portion of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organelles provide site from protein synthesis
Composed of two subunits each of which is made of ribosomal RNA 70S (Sedimentation rate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals
Firmly attached to cell surface
Protects cells from drying out
May prevent bacteria from being recognized and destroyed by host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loosely attached to cell surface
Water soluble
Protects cells from drying out
Sticky later that allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement due to chaemical |
|
|
Term
| Positive taxis/negative taxis |
|
Definition
| Positive is movement toward and Negative is movement away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Released form the LPS and may trigger fever, vasodilation, inflammation,shock,and blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sites of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shorter than rod shaped but not ball shaped in between bacillus and coccus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cocci divide in three planes to form cuboidal packets called sarcinae
Cuboidal cluster of 4 or more cocci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eukaryotes formed from union of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prodaryotes
Smaller prokaryotes becae internal parasites
Aerobic prokaryotes evolve into mitoghondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Popularized the endosymbiotic theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Control center of the cell" contains most of the cells DNA, genetic information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced by cells such as Bacillus and Clostridium as a defensive strategy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acquired from host cell during viral replicaiton or release; envelope is portion of membrane system of host
Composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins; some proteins are virally coded glycoproteins
Envelope's proteins and glycoproteins often play role in host recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rod shaped, obligate anaerobes, many form endospores, includes C. perfingens (gangrene), C. botulinum (botulism), C tetani (tetanus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B. anthracis and B thuringiensis Bt toxin
Low G + C Gram positive bacilli |
|
|
Term
| Low G + C Gram positive bacteria |
|
Definition
The ratio of guanine cytosine base pairs in their DNA is less than 50%
Classified in phylum Firmicutes, which includes Clostridia, Mycoplasmas, Bacilli, and Cocci |
|
|
Term
| High G + C Gram positive bacteria |
|
Definition
The ratio of guanine cytosine base pairs in their DNA is more than 50%
In the phylum Actinobacteria, includes rod shaped and filamentous (which resemble fungi and produce spores) bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause many infections of humans, animals, plants, and bacteria
Cannot carryout any metabolic pathway
Neither grow nor respond to the environment
Cannot reproduce independently
Recruit the cell's metabolic pathways to increase their numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Miniscule, acellular, infectious agent having one or several pieces of either DNA or RNA
No cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, organelles
Have extracellular and intracellular state |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular state virus |
|
Definition
Called virion
Protein coat (capsid) surrounding nucleic acid
Nucleic acid and capsid also called nucleocapsid
Some have phospholipid envelope
Outermost layer provides protection and recognition sites for host cells |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular state virus |
|
Definition
Capsid removed
Virus exists as nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| How viruses are distinguished |
|
Definition
Type of genetic material they contain (DNA or RNA)
Kinds of cells they attack (liver, skin)
Size of virus
Nature of capsid coat
Shape of virus
Presence or absence of envelope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can pass genes to bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excision of prophage to enter the lytic cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to an environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on nonliving tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses, particularly potential pathogens, on living tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of microbes by mechanical means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in foods and beverages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Evaluating the efficacy of disinfectants and antiseptics by determining an agent's ability to control microbes as a ratio to that of phenol
Greater than 1.0 indicates that agent is more effective than phenol
Has been replaced by newer methods |
|
|
Term
| What microbes grow in refrigeration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intermediate to low level disinfectants
Denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes
Effective in presence of organic matter and remain active for prolonged time
Commonly used in health care settings, labs, and homes (lysol, triclosan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compound with slow releasing iodine capabilities, such as betadine, which is used to clean skin before injection or surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most prominent group in the group with inhibition of cell wall synthesis
They bind to enzymes that cross link NAM subunits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effective against many kinds of pathogens, like tetracycline which acts against G+, G-, rickettsiae and chlamydiae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both members benefit
Ex: protozoa digest cellulose inside of termites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One benefits without hurting the other
Ex: Staphylococcus epidermidis lives on our skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One benefits and hurts the other
Ex: Plasmodium infects our blood and cause malaria |
|
|
Term
| Normal Microbiota (flora) |
|
Definition
| Microbes that normally colonize parts of the body without causing disease |
|
|
Term
| Normal microbiota of skin |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Candida, Malassezia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies against toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Develops rapidly but lasts a short while |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Develops slowly, but lasts continually or recurrently, like Hepatitis C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogen remain inactive for a long period of time, like herpes simplex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diseases that occur continually in a population at a relatively stable incidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only a few scattered cases in an area or population
Ex: human cases of rabies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An unusually high incidence rate of a disease for an area or population
Ex: food poisoning in a town population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An epidemic occurring on several continents, worldwide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acquired by patients while in health care facilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inanimate object that is capable of carrying infectious organisms hence transferring them from one individual to another |
|
|
Term
| Body's first line of defense |
|
Definition
| Includes the skin and mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The normal flora can change pH and compete for nutrients against possible pathogenic organisms |
|
|
Term
| Body's second line of defense |
|
Definition
Defense components of the blood
Innate Immunity |
|
|
Term
| Phagocytosis, The five steps |
|
Definition
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Killing
Elimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves the use of pseudopodia to crawl towards pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phagocytes attach to pathogens by binding to glycoproteins found on the outside of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After adherence the pseudopodia envelop the organism and internalize it as a vesicle, called a phagosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome forming a phagolysosome which then digests it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The remnants are exocytosed, or expelled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The coating of organisms with complement proteins for easier phagocytosis (part of Adherence step of Phagocytosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semi-Synthetics (antibiotics) |
|
Definition
Chemically altered antibiotics that are more effective than naturally occurring ones
Semi-synthetic derivatives of beta-lactams inhibit cell wall synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Beta-lactam
Effective only against Gram + bacteria
Not strong enough to penetrate the LPS layer of Gram - bacteria so ineffective against Gram - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils and eosinophils |
|
Definition
Phagocytize pathogens
Neutrophils attack bacteria
Eosinophils attack parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release inflammatory signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Squeezing between the cells of capillaries to attack cells in the tissues
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are all capable of diapedesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most involved in adaptive immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leave the blood and mature into macrophages, they are phagocytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phagocytic cells of the second line of defense
Wandering macrophages leave the blood via diapedesis and phagocytize throughout the body
Fixed macrophages do not move throughout the body and often phagocytize within a specific organ
Include alveolar macrophages (lungs), Microglia (CNS), Kupffer cells (liver)
All macrophages, plus monoctes attached to endothelial cells, constitute the mononuclear phagocytic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produce chemicals similar to hydrogen peroxide or bleach that kill nearby invaders
Generate extracellular fibers that bind to and kill bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections
Cause many symptoms typically associated with viral infections
Interferon alpha and beta are present early in the infection and gamma appears later in the course of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Set of serum roteins designated numerically according to the order of their discovery
Complement activation results in lysis of the foreign cells
The two most important pathways are classical and alternate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complement enzymes cleave other complement proteins in a cascading effect
Complement activation leads to increase in vascular permeability, inflammation, and opsonization
The end product is a membrane attack complex (MAC) |
|
|
Term
| MAC (membrane attack complex) |
|
Definition
| A giant perforation in the cell membrane causing leaking and lysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activation occurs independent of antibodies
Useful in early stages of infection before antibodies have been made
Initiated by the cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b which occurs naturally at a slow rate in the plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Develops slowly and lasts a long time
Can cause damage to tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Develops quickly and is short lived
Is usually beneficial
Important in the second line of defense
-Dilation and increased permeability of the blood vessels
-Migration of phagocytes
-Tissue repair |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes |
|
Definition
| Released by macrophages and cause vasodilation delivering phagocytes, nutrients and oxygen from the blood to the site of the infection in the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release histamines, in response to complement, causing vasodilation and resulting in edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Various types of pyrogens signal for the production of IL-1 by phagocytes
Increased temperature is triggered b pyrogens, chemicals like bacterial toxins released during cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a pyrogen released by phagocytes that have phagocytized bacteria
These cytokines bind to endotheilial receptors of circumventricular organs within the hypothalamus and activate the arachidonic acid pathway |
|
|
Term
| Two main types of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
B lymphocytes (B cells)
T Lymphocytes (T cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Are molecules that rigger a specific immune response
Antigens are not whole bacteria, just small parts Ex. cell walls, flagella, viral proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The smallest leukocytes (white blood cells) and have large nuclei
Circulate throughout the body in blood and lymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form and mature in the bone marrow
Humoral Immunity
Have surface antibodies and are found primarily in the spleen, nodes, and MALT
Called plasma cells when actively fighting exogenous antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form in the bone marrow but mature in the Thymys
Cell mediated Immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outside of cell, include toxins, secretions, components of cell walls, membranes, flagella, and pili |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inside of cells, include fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses that reproduce inside the body's cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Self antigens, found on the body's normal cell's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
Five different classes
IgG is the most abundant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Act against endogenous invaders
Ex: Viral, bacterial, fungal infected cells, and cancer cells
Make up 70-85% of lymphocytes in blood and lymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Directly kills other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functions to "help" regulate the activities of B cells and cytotoxic T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secreted immunoglobulins (By plasma cells)
Free immunoglobulins and similar to BCR's (B cell receptors) in shape, though antibodies are secreted and lack the bulk of the transmembrane portions of BCR. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The body eliminates self-reactive lymphocytes via clonal deletion, so named because elimination of a cell deletes its potential offspring (clones). In this process, lymphocytes are exposed to autoantigens, and those lymphocytes that react to autoantigens undergo apoptosis (programmed cell suicide) and are thereby deleted from the repertoire of lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
| Which antibody is found in secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial septicemia that is often harmless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release of bacterial toxins into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small hemorrhagic lesions just under the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxin released from living microorganisms during toxemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxins released from Gram - bacteria during toxemia |
|
|
Term
| DIC (Disseminated intravascular disease) |
|
Definition
Widespread and severe coagulation
Can be fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where health care workers remove the "crust" from a wound so that antimicrobial drugs can be effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A blue-green pigment that is produced by the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa when it invades the bloodstream and the blue-green pigment is secreted in the wound (usually in burn victims) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They bind to surface proteins on epithelial cells lining the intestines, triggering the loss of electrolytes and water in a manner similar to cholera toxin |
|
|
