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| anything that could release energy |
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| the carbohydrate plants make is called: |
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| releases energy, reactants have more energy than products (burning wood) |
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| need energy to occur. Building anything. |
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| A-->B + energy (oxidation) |
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| energy + A-->B (reduction) |
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| the principal source of energy for animals |
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| Together, all chemical reactions that take place in an organism |
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| Metabolic reaction pathways that break down food molecules and release biochemical energy |
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| metabolic reaction pathways that build larger biological molecules including those can store energy from smaller pieces |
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| Breaking food to smaller parts |
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| reverse of ATP hydrolysis reaction is: (endergonic) |
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| the series of biochemical reactions that breaks down acetyl groups to produce carbon dioxide and transfer energy from food to reduced coenzymes |
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| the series of biochemical reactions that passes electrons from reduced coenzymes to oxygen |
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| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme complex that converts ADP to ATP is: |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| energy from a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions drives this reaction forward |
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Definition
| reactions that use oxygen don't always work perfectly to produce water. Sometimes they produce some harmful oxygen containing highly reactive molecules called: |
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Definition
| protection and neutralize free radicals |
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| breaking down glucose to smaller pieces |
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| making new glucose out of non carbohydrates glucose |
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Definition
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Definition
| under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is changed to lactate |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| what pathway is the first one to slow down under anaerobic conditions |
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Definition
| gives its phosphate to ADP |
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| high blood glucose (increase urine flow) |
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| rising blood glucose concentration |
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| falling blood glucose concentration |
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| enzymes take the acetyl group off releasing free CoA for f.a. catabolism and combining the acetyl groups to form: |
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Definition
| increase ketone bodies in the blood makes it more acidic |
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Term
| Insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM type 1) |
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Definition
| failure of the pancreatic cells to produce enough insulin |
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Term
| Non insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM type II) |
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Definition
| insulin receptors become resistant to insulin |
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| Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia |
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Definition
| "cardinal signs of diabetes" |
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Term
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Definition
| with too much insulin for the amount of food or condition of the patient results in: |
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Definition
| high lipid levels result in: |
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Definition
| the majority of the lipids in our diet are: |
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Definition
| has a much larger surface area for digesting fats when they are emulsified (produced in the pancreas) |
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Term
| lipoproteins (chylomicrons) |
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Definition
| the still insoluble monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed into the epithelial cells and reformed into triglycerides. they are then packages into water soluble: |
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Term
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Definition
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| Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) |
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Definition
| formed in the liver and contains 50% triglycerides and 25% cholesterol. transported to fat cells where they inject the triglycerides into the cell. |
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Term
| Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) |
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Definition
| formed from the depleted VLDL. They carry cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral cells. |
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Term
| High-density lipoproteins |
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Definition
| carry cholesterol FROM the periphery back to the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 carbons are removed at a time and added to CoA, producing AcCoA |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid production of ketone bodies causes |
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Term
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Definition
| the biochemical pathway for synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA is known as: |
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Definition
| the amino group is removed as and energy is released |
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Definition
| ammonia reaction proceeds to: |
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Term
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Definition
| a heredity defect in both genes for any one of the enzymes in the urea cycle causes: |
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| don't have to be supplied by our diet |
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| synthesized only by plants and microorganisms (food) |
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Term
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Definition
| defects in the enzyme needed to catabolize phenylalanine is known as: |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| the nucleic acid that stores genetic information |
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| a highly organized extremely compact complex of proteins and DNA molecule: visible during cell division |
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Definition
Each DNA molecule is made up of segments of:
Contains the instructions that directs the synthesis of a protein |
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Definition
| nucleic acids are polymer of: |
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Definition
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Definition
| two strands of DNA coiled around each other like a spiral staircase to form a structure called: |
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Definition
| the fit of T opposite A and G opposite C is called: |
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Term
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Definition
| two strands of DNA opposite each other with the correct base pairing are called: |
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Definition
| the process by which a replica, or identical copy, of DNA is made when a cell divides. Making DNA from DNA. |
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| the process by which the genetic messages contained in DNA are read and copied. Making RNA from DNA. |
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| the process by which the genetic messages carried by RNA are decoded and used to build proteins. Making protein from RNA. |
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| tries out- attaches different nucleotides to see which fits |
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Definition
| each new double helix is half new and half old DNA |
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Definition
| 3 billion base pairs in the human ______. |
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Definition
| the organelles in the cell where protein synthesis takes place. These organelles are composed of protein and ribosomal RNA are the largest |
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Definition
| the RNA that carries the code transcribed from DNA and dictates the order of amino acid polymerization |
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Definition
| the smallest RNA that delivers amino acids one by one to protein chains growing at ribosomes. |
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Definition
| DNA strand that is transcribed is the: |
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Definition
| The enzyme that the messenger RNA produced is a duplicate of the DNA informational strand is the: |
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| word has series of three bases which code for a specific amino acid |
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| most common type of virus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the RNA first has to be made into DNA by a protein virus is carrying called: |
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Term
| Reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
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Definition
| a non-competitive inhibitor. Binds to an allosteric site |
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Term
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Definition
| competitive inhibitors of reverse transcriptase |
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Term
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Definition
| the viral proteins are made in one long piece and then cut into the multiple functional proteins by a: |
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Term
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Definition
| cover the proteins in the cell membrane of the helper T cells that the HIV attaches to (the CD4 protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| the virus mutates constantly and the proteins on the outside change a little |
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Definition
| if there is a large change in the antigen |
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Definition
| The DNA in a chromosome begins with the _____ that occur at both ends of every chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| an error in base sequence that is carried along during DNA replication called: |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation can results from spontaneous or random events or can be induced by external agents called: |
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Definition
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Definition
| a change that results in a code for the same animo acid |
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Definition
| a change that results in a different amino acid |
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Definition
| a change that results in a stop codon |
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Term
| single nucleotide polymorphism |
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Definition
| a mutation that has become established in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| one base is inserted or deleted |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of genes and their functions |
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