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| How we learn observable responses |
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| Psychodynamics Psychology |
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| How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
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| It typically holds that people are inherently good. It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and human potential. |
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| How the body and brain enable emotions,memories, and sensory experiences. |
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| How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. |
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| The extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
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| An investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. |
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| A neural impulses; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. |
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| The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells |
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| The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron & the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. |
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| Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between the neurons and bind with receptors. |
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The brain and spinal cord
- information highway |
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| The sensory & motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
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Controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs
-part of the PNS |
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| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" activities that occur when the body is at rest, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion, and defecation.
-part of ANS |
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| Sympathetic nervous system |
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| the divison of the autonomic system that arouses, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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Definition
| is the outermost layer of an organ |
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Definition
-is a midline symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates including humans, situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain.
-Its function includes relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex,[2][3] along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness |
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-a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.
- responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. |
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| The process by which our sensory receptor and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. |
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| The process of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
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Light-sensitive inner surface of the eye. Containing the receptor rods and cones plus layer of neurons.
-Begins visual process |
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| The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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| The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
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| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory |
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Definition
| Retina contains 3 different color receptors-Red,Green,Blue- when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. |
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| Opposing retinal processes (red-green,yellow-blue,white-black)-enables color vision. |
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| Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change |
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| An organized whole. Our tendency to intergrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes. groups = proxmity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure |
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| grouping nearby figures together |
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| grouping similar figures together |
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| Perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinous ones. |
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| view uniformed linked lines as a single unit |
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| Fill in gaps to create a complete,whole object. |
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| The ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although the images that strike the retina are 2 dimensional; allows us to judge distance. |
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| Type of learning in which one learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events. |
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| A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer/ diminished if followed by a punisher. |
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Definition
| Increasing behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimuli.A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. |
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| An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
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| A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previous NS ( but now is a CR). |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, a previously NS that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a CR. |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that unconditionally- naturally & automatically- triggers a response. |
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| Unconditioned Response(UR) |
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Definition
| the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
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| Learning by observing others |
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| Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |
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| The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
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| the processing of info into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning |
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| A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. |
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Definition
1. Record to-be-remembered info as fleeting sensory memory
2.Process info into a short-term memory bin, where we encode it through rehearsal
3.Info moves into long-term memory for later retrieval |
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Definition
Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem.
step by step but may take longer. |
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| Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements & solve problems efficiently. |
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| Tendency to be more confident than correct. |
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| Tendency to search for info that confirms one's preconception |
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| Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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| -Form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides major source of energy for body tissues. Levels low= feel hungry. |
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-Drop in glucose levels signal hypothalamus-hunger increases
-High glucose levels-hunger shut off |
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-Body monitors lipid levels
-Levels too low, hunger is signal
-The basis for "set point" idea of |
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-4 stages of sexual responding described by Masters & Johnson
- Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution. |
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| Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion- arousing stimulants. |
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| -Emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: 1. phyiological responses 2. Subjective experience of emotion. |
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| Schachter’s two-factor theory |
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Definition
| To experience emotion one must: 1. be physically aroused 2. Cognitively label the arousal. |
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| developmental psychologist |
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Definition
| the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span. |
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Definition
| the use of empirically demonstrated behavior change techniques to increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors, such as altering an individual's behaviors and reactions to stimuli through positive and negative reinforcement of adaptive behavior and/or the reduction of behavior through its extinction, punishment and/or satiation. |
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Definition
| transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.[1] |
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| the condition of a human or animal that has learned to behave helplessly, failing to respond even though there are opportunities for it to help itself by avoiding unpleasant circumstances or by gaining positive rewards |
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| reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter of a pre-synaptic neuron after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse. |
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| model attributing symptoms of schizophrenia (like psychoses) to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction. |
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| one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs |
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| a qualitative measure of the 'amount' of emotion displayed, typically in the family setting, usually by a family or care takers. |
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| is evident when people engage in an activity for its own sake |
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| the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal |
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| an intensive analysis of an individual unit stressing developmental factors in relation to context |
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| a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered |
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| a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. |
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| a complex set of brain structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum |
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Definition
-a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex
- |
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Definition
| any biological process that displays an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours. |
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| relative deprivation principle |
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Definition
| the experience of being deprived of something to which one believes oneself to be entitled. |
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- Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis.
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-an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher
- invented the operant conditioning chamber,
-radical behaviorism, |
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- Russian physiologist.
-Classical condingitoning |
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-a psychologist
-originator of social learning theory and the theory of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment. |
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| - American psychologist who was best known for creating hierarchy of need |
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