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| biology;refers to a persons biological inheritance/ genes |
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| environment; refers to a persons environmental and social experiences |
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| study the same group of people over different points of their life |
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| Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage |
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| stage where object permanence is mastered. from birth - two years Object permanece is an individuals understanding that objects continue to exist even though they are not visually present |
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| the period of life beginning with puberty and ending with early adulthood; transition from childhood to adulthood from 10-12 until 18-21 |
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| foreign substance or occurence that is harmful to the developing fetus or embryo; any agent that causes a birth defect |
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| Includes lower IQ, growth retardation, facial abnormalities |
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| patterns of physical development most influenced by |
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| An individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding |
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| regulates internal bodily functions, including hunger |
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| Masklows Hierarchy of Needs |
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| Physical, Safety, love and belongingness, esteem and self-actualization. |
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| need to obtain self-respect, competence and mastery over a particular thing |
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| Primary Sexual Characteristics |
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| Maturity in sexual organs directly related to reproduction (ie. enlargement of testes and penis, of the uterus) |
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| Accurately identifying truth or deception is linked with the skill of the examiner and the skill of the individual being examined. Not admissible in a court of law |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| calms the body whereas the sympathetic nervous system prepares the individual for fighting or running away, the parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation and healing |
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| the theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment |
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| The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously. |
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| Address the fundamental question of the why of behavior |
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| primitive, hedonistic part of personality; unconscious |
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| allows individual to live in the world in a sound way- buffer between id an superego; deals with demands of reality |
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| framework given by parents and other adults of what we should do; internal judge of our behavior |
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| provides ambigious stimuli that helps assess the unconscious; asks a person to tell a story about something, to project their own meaning onto something |
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| human nature is basically good; people are rational; people can rise above their animal heritage; people are unique |
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| the ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one |
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| psychodynamic personality perspective |
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| people are dominated by unconscious conflicts |
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| very unstable. two theories exist: cognitive dissonance model and Self-perception theory |
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| positive views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality |
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| Aschs studies on conformity |
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| group size and group unanimity are important determinants |
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| the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone |
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| the tendency to take credit for our success and to deny responsibility for our failures |
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| historically though to be caused by possession of demons or supernatural forces-can affect the way the individual thinks behaves and interacts |
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| characterized by episodes of extensive sadness or irritability, loss of weight, lack of sleep, and feeling of worthlessness. Women are nearly twice as likely to have depression than men |
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| effective treatments for depression |
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| medication, psychotherapy and as a last resort electroconvulsive therapy |
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| disorder characterized by depressive episodes and manic episodes (opposite of depression where person has racing thoughts, full of energy and rarely sleeps |
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| an irrational fear of something |
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| symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder |
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| shortness of breath, inability to concentrate; irratable; overwhelmed |
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| dissociative identity disorder |
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| usually the common background of individuals with this disorder is that they have had a traumatic background characterized by physical, emotional, or sexual abuse |
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| characterized by delusions and hallucinations and an overall disturbance of thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. |
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| negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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| behavioral deficits such as flattened emotion, apathy and poverty of speech |
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| abnormal behavior is cause by unresolved unconscious conflicts |
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| abnormal behavior can be modified directly through the application of established principles of conditioning; by altering aspects of body functioning |
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| personal distress occurs when a person engages in negative thinking;self-healing |
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| identify irrational thoughts that might be causing a certain disorder; attempt to change a persons feelings and behaviors |
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| an organisms learning through experience with unavoidable negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes |
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| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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| descrives an individuals response to stress in terms of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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| stage 1 of GAS in which the body mobilizes its resources |
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| stage 2 of GAS in which the body strives mightily to endure the stressor |
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| stage 3 of GAS in which resistance becomes depleted- |
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| can have serious implications for the body, in particular for the immune system |
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| Competitive; feels that there is never enough time; achievement motivated |
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| contributes to cancer deaths, deaths from heart disease and an increase risk of middle ear disease in children |
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| types of psychodynamic therapies |
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| free association, analysis of transference and dream analysis |
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