Term
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Definition
A person’s answers to the question, “Who am I?”
The content of the self, known aspects, our knowledge about who we are |
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Definition
| Mental template by which we organize our worlds |
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Definition
| Belief that others are paying more attention to one’s appearance and behavior than they really are |
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Term
| Bem’s self-perception theory |
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Definition
Infer our attitudes and feelings from past behaviors
1) remember past behavior 2) derive current attitude
when... Current attitudes or feelings are unclear
Pertinent past behaviors were intrinsically (because you wanted to) motivated |
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Term
developmental
cultural
gender based |
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Definition
| What influences how we define our sense of self? |
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Term
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Definition
Unattended stimuli that is processed implicitly, unconsciously
Activating particular associations in memory |
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Term
| Representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
Tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary to odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member
Truck driver example |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive rules that judge the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory
The more easily we recall something the more likely it seems |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to search for info that confirms one’s preconceptions |
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Definition
| Perception of a relationship where none exists or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that leads to it’s own fulfillment |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
Tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other’s behavior
often negative
Tendency for observers to overestimate situational influences and underestimate dispositional influences upon their own negative behavior |
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Term
| Kelly’s Theory of attributions |
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Definition
How people decide whether to make an internal (dispositional) or an external (situational) attribution.
requires multiple observations of behavior
Systematically note the pattern between the presence (or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs
focuses on consistency, distinctiveness, and concensus |
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Term
| physical cues, salience, personality traits and context of judgement |
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Definition
| What information taken from others do we use to form impressions |
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Term
Controlled processing of information
and Automatic processing of information |
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Definition
| What types of processing directs our social judgments |
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Term
| Controlled processing: Advantages |
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Definition
Make accurate conclusion by logic
Not as influenced by certain biases |
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Term
| Controlled processing: Disadvantages |
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Definition
slow
cant handle much info |
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Term
| Automatic processing: Advantages |
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Definition
quick and efficient, Many cases its more accurate then controlled processing
Can use information not provided by controlled processing |
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Term
| Automatic processing: Disadvantages |
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Definition
Inaccuracies due to speed: Heuristics – mental shortcuts
Inaccuracies due to expectations: Confirmation bias & Illusory correlations
Inaccuracies due to Mood: Mood effects |
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Term
Schemas
Emotional reactions
Expertise
Unconscious thinking |
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Definition
| Automatic processing uses information gained from what sources? |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned association between and specific behavior and reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned association between a neutral stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Fishbein and Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior |
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Definition
three factors that best predict when planned, deliberate behaviors match reported attitudes:
specificity of the attitude
Not a general attitude, but an attitude towards a specific behavior
subjective norms
How the person believes their behavior will be viewed by others
perceived behavioral control
Ease with which people believe they can perform the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions
To reduce this tension, we adjust our thinking
Insufficient justification
reduction of dissonance by |
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Term
| affect, behavior, and cognition |
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Definition
| Components of an attitude |
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Term
explicit
(Attitudes we consciously endorse and can easily report
Measured by self-report )
and implicit
(Involuntary, uncontrollable, unconscious evaluations
Measured by Implicit Association Text or IAT) |
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Definition
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Term
when influences are minimal
When attitudes specific to the behavior are examined When attitudes are potent |
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Definition
| When do attitudes predict behaviors? (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| performance of an act at an authority figures request |
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Term
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Definition
| believing as well as acting according to social pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| a Change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others |
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Term
| Latane’s social impact theory |
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Definition
Conforming to normative pressures depends on
1) strength (personal importance)
2) immediacy (physical proximity
3) number of other people in a group |
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Term
group size
unanimity
cohesion
status
public response
no prior committment |
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Definition
| What predicts conformity (6) |
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Term
| normative and information influence |
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Definition
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Term
When the Situation Is Ambiguous.
When the Situation Is a Crisis.
when other people are experts |
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Definition
| When do we conform due to informational influence (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| • Process by which a message induces changes in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Delayed impact of a message that occurs when initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the message significantly diverges from the audience's opinion/behavior |
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Term
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Definition
there is a significant delay between when the audience receives the message then they must act upon that message
Information presented first usually has the most influence |
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Term
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Definition
information presented last sometimes has the most influence
the audience needs to act immediately upon message |
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Term
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Definition
| strong prohibitions threaten a person's feeling of freedom, and the boomerang is an attempt to restore that feeling of freedom |
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Term
Central Route
peripheral route |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
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Term
1) The Communicator
Credibility
Attractiveness
2) The Message
Reason versus emotion
Discrepancy
One-sided versus two-sided appeals
Primacy versus recency
3) The Audience
Age
Thoughts concerning the message |
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Definition
| Elements of persuasion (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness |
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Term
Primacy versus recency
One-sided versus two-sided appeals
Reason versus emotion
Discrepancy |
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Definition
| Factors that significantly impact the persuasiveness of the message (4) |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more people, who for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence on another and perceive on another as "us". |
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Term
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Definition
By the mere presence of others, dominant responses are strengthen whether correct or incorrect
Occurs when individual efforts can be evaluated |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal
Occurs when an individual efforts can not be evaluated |
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Term
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Definition
Explains the relationship between physiological arousal and performance
Related to glucocorticoids- stress hormone
Inverted U |
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Term
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Definition
loss of a personal identity
Loss of self-awareness and evaluations apprehension
Occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad
Leads to a loosening of normal constraints on behavior and an increase in impulsive and deviant acts |
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Term
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Definition
• Group- produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies
• A strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group |
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Term
| Zjonc's theory of social facilitation |
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Definition
| three possible mechanisms behind increased physiological arousal: alertness, distraction and evaluation apprehension |
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Term
providing information
• helping us define our identity
• establishes social norms for behavior |
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Definition
| Benefits to joining a group (3) |
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Term
• Social Norms
• Social Roles
• Group Cohesiveness |
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Definition
| Functions of a group (2)/ Qualities of a group (1) |
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Term
• Arousing and distracting activities
group size
• Physical Anonymity |
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Definition
| Factors affecting Deindividuation (3) |
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Term
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Definition
• Positive feelings and special treatment we reserve for people we have defined as being part of our in-group
• Negative feelings and unfair treatment we reserve for others simply because we have defined them as being in the out-group (groups which an individual does not identify with) |
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Term
| Out-group homogeneity bias |
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Definition
| • The perception that those in the out-group are more similar (homogenous) to each other than they really are |
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Term
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Definition
| • Merely bringing members of different groups into contact with each other will erode prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
• Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
• Individual members are judge solely on their group membership
• Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people
supported by sterotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| • An unjustified negative or harmful actin towards a member of a group, simply because of his or her membership in that group. |
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Term
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Definition
| • A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members. |
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Term
| Realistic Conflict Theory |
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Definition
• Limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination
• Several historical studies documented that discrimination against out-groups correlates with the scarcity of jobs or other resources
used eagles and rattlers |
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Term
1. Mutual interference
• Situations where two or more groups needed each other and must depend on each other in order to accomplish a goal
2. A common goal that is important to both of them
3. Equal status of group members
4. Having informal interpersonal contact
5. Multiple contacts with several members of the out-group so that individuals learn that their beliefs are wrong
6. Social norms in place that promote equality |
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Definition
| Allport’s conditions to be met for the contact hypothesis to be successful (6) |
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Term
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Definition
| Driven by anger and performed as an end in itself |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggression that is a means to some other end |
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Term
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Definition
| an unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind redirects effects from an object felt to be dangerous or unacceptable to an object felt to be safe or acceptable |
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Term
Instinct theory/evolutionary psychology
biological |
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Definition
Innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
• Buss, 2004 argues that aggression is genetically programmed into men to enable them to perpetuate their genes |
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Term
Neural influences
biological |
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Definition
• Abnormal brains can contribute to abnormally aggressive behavior
• Amygdala - brain structure associated with aggressive behaviors |
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Term
Biochemical influences
biological |
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Definition
• Alcohol
• Depresses social inhibitors
• Testosterone
• Low serotonin |
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Term
Frustration Aggression theory;
Behavior |
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Definition
Aggression as a Response to Frustration, frustration triggers a readiness to aggress
• Frustration
• Blocking of goal-directed behavior |
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Term
Relative Deprivation
behavioral |
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Definition
Perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself
• Explains why happiness tends to be lower and crime rates higher in communities and nations with large income inequality |
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Term
Social Learning Theory
Catharsis Theory |
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Definition
Freud Psychoanalytic theory
• More than just "blowing off steam", or "getting it out of your system"
• Aggression can be reduced by
• Performing an aggressive act
• Watching others engage in aggressive behavior
• Engage in fantasy aggression
• Many studies suggests that this is actually increases aggression, rather than decreasing it |
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Term
physical pain
other bodily comforts
arousal |
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Definition
| Biological Factors that influence aggression (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| Social Factors that influence aggression (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| Best potential relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| • Suppress relationships needs, trouble developing intimate relationships |
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Term
| Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment |
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Definition
| Concern that the partner will not reciprocate the desire for intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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Term
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Definition
| Reciprocating same level of disclosure as your partner |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased exposure leads to increased liking |
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Term
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Definition
| • Tendency to believe that physically attractive people possess other good qualities |
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Term
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Definition
• feelings about relationships determined by
• Rewards- costs
• Outcome
• Expectations [comparison level ]
• Satisfaction
• Chances for a better alternative relationship [comparison level for alternatives]
• Likelihood of staying |
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Term
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Definition
• Good relationship occurs when
• Person A's rewards - costs = Person B's rewards - costs |
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Term
| Sternberg‘s Triangular Theory of Love |
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Definition
Three components of love
• Intimacy
• Passion
• Commitment
• Three components creates seven types of love relationships |
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Term
| • Proximity, similarity , peciprocal liking, physical attratction |
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Definition
| Factors that lead to attraction (4) |
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Term
| symmetry, perfect average, golden ration |
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Definition
| Characteristics used to measure beauty (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| • Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person |
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Term
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Definition
| • The desire to help another person even if it involves some personal cost to the helper |
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Term
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Definition
| • As number of bystanders ↑, probability of help ↓ |
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Term
| Door-in-the-face technique |
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Definition
• Strategy for gaining a concession
After someone first turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request |
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Term
• Evolutionary Theories
• i.e. Genetic Factors
• Social Exchange Theories
• i.e. Desire to ↑ rewards and ↓costs
• Empathy and Altrusim
• i.e. Pure Motive for Helping |
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Definition
| Evolutionary Theories as to why we help 3 |
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Term
• Behavior stems from the desire to maximize rewards and minimize costs
• How helping is rewarding
• Increase probability others will help us
• Relieve bystander distress
• Gain social approval and increase self-worth |
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Definition
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Term
| empathy leads to helping, regardless of costs or reward (altruism); no empathy results in behavior in accord with social exchange theory |
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Definition
| Empathy and Altruism Theory |
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Term
number of bystanders,
time pressures,
similarity,
when someone else does |
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Definition
| Factors that influence helping behaviors - Environmental (4) |
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Term
• Teaching moral inclusion
• Learning by doing
• Modeling altruism |
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Definition
| Ways to socialize altruism (3) |
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Term
• Social Dilemmas
• Competition
• Perceived Injustice |
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Definition
| What creates conflict (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after receiving misleading information about it |
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Term
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Definition
| ID accuracy decreases when witness race is not perp race |
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Term
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Definition
• Therapists asks you to recall/ or imagine specific circumstances
• Recovered memories
• Sexual and childhood memories |
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Term
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Definition
| Imagining information increases the probability of reporting imaginary object or sequence of events as real |
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Term
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Definition
| False information, given during interrogation, may lead to false memory in eyewitness reports |
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Term
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Definition
| used memory research findings to develop interview techniques for police |
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Term
| Source Monitoring Framework |
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Definition
Determining the origin of a memory
• Separate from memory content |
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Term
| Incomplete/ Vague Memory and false memory |
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Definition
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Term
Encoding- Learning
Retrieval- Remembering |
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Definition
| Basic components of memory (2) |
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Term
| Sequential/ Simultaneous/ show up |
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Definition
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Term
| Sequential Line up advantage |
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Definition
| Eliminates identifications based on "best match" |
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Term
conservative shift
Liberal shift |
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Definition
Sequential Line up:
Simultaneous line up: |
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Term
Physiological arousal
Cross Race Effect (CRE)
Lineup Procedure |
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Definition
| Phenomena affecting eyewitness identification (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally occurring relationships among variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeks clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
Experimental factor that a researcher manipulates
Time, what they were thinking about, religiosity |
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Term
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Definition
Variable being measured, depends on manipulations of the IV
Whether or not they stopped for the man |
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Term
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Definition
| Variable that affects the DV and is not the IV |
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Term
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Definition
All participants have the same chance of being in a given condition
Helps to eliminate extraneous variables |
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Term
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Definition
The degree to which a casual relationship between the IV and the DV is demonstrated without interference
Are your measure reliable and valid? |
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Term
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Definition
The degree to which an experimental finding applies to people and situations beyond its sample and single observation
Generalizability |
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Term
Description (what?)
Prediction (when?)
Understanding (why?) |
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Definition
Scientific method
Goals (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. (Social thinking, Social influence, Social relations) |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on individual; how differences in character traits influence behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on group; how various overarching factors (e.g. class conflict, competition btw ethnic groups) influence general patterns of behavior; concerned with topics such as: social class, social structure, and social institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby people adopt another person’s attitude so as to get along with that individual |
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Term
| Schater’s two-factor theory of emotion |
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Definition
| Emotions are derived from 1.physiological arousal 2. Explanation for that arousal |
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Term
| Self-regulatory resource model |
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Definition
| effortful self-control depletes our limited willpower reserves. Our brains “central executive” consumes available blood sugar when engaged in self-control; suggests that having plenty of energy will enhance your ability to control you actions. |
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Term
through introspection;
1. Inaccurate assessment
2. Accurate but incomplete assessment
3. Problems can lead to faulty |
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Definition
Ways to gain self knowledge (3)
Drawbacks to each method |
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Term
| behavior, enviornment, nonverbal communication, and appearance |
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Definition
| Types of information used to form impressions (from people) (4) |
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Term
Role Playing
Saying Becomes Believing
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
Evil and Moral Acts |
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Definition
| Behaviors that change attitudes (4) |
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Term
| schemas and categorization influence prejudice |
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Definition
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Term
| Faulty Memory Processes/Problems Processing Information |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| perceivers respond to members of a target group who disconfirm their stereotypes by seeing them as exceptions to the rule and placing them in a separate subcategory apart from members who confirm the stereotype |
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Term
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Definition
| perceiver's organization of information in terms of clusters of individuals based on their similarities and differences |
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Term
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Definition
| experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group. |
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Term
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Definition
Prisoner B stays silent (cooperates) Prisoner B confesses (defects)
Prisoner A stays silent (cooperates) Each serves 1 month Prisoner A: 1 year
Prisoner B: goes free
Prisoner A confesses (defects) Prisoner A: goes free
Prisoner B: 1 year Each serves 3 months |
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