• Stipulated descent, members of a descent group who understand they are connected by blood in some way but cannot specify the precise genealogical links. Connected by apical ancestor.

• The use of force (symbol & physical) to generate or constrain particular social actions

• “blood”, believe to involve relations of descent

• social action produced in accordance w/social norm through ones freely given assent

• power needed to be considered a productive network which runs through whole social body

• Symbolic aspects of any society where we show ourselves to ourselves          IE: Play, sport, art, media

• power based on consensus

• Eric Hobsbawn: “traditions” function to support the status quo, invented in response to changing political economic conditions, projected into the distant past, treated as unchanging (or only changing now)

• primary mode of socialization & enculturation, tools humans use to communicate, expresses social identities, plays a role in encoding experience, reflects & replicates social inequalities

• consists of people who believe they can specify the parent-child link that connect them to one another through a common ancestor

• ritual practices intended to have an outcome on practical matters

• true value ambiguous but has high socially ascribed authority, justify social orders (existing and aspirational), express world view, conceptual tool (deal w/contradictions of human existence)

• mother and her children (most common) the non-standard family

• Beliefs and behavior related to supernatural beings and forces, personify cosmic forces, interact w/personification, institution that pass judgment on orthodox & organize & enable practice

•  Patterned group, practice, intended to engage supernatural, apart from everyday life, socially appropriate practices, express ideas encoded in myth

• Rights & obligations appropriate to a particular status

A tentative lens from which we view something. 

•  tentative model on what’s going on, outsider’s pers. - takes insiders into account

• What groups and relationships are people organized into
• Based on fundamental anthropological assumption that humans are social animals
• Humans have evolved to live w/ and depend on others of our species
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• Small groups 2 to 6 formed early on (ego centered networks)
• Resistance to authority
• Susceptible to peer culture
• Try to maintain harmony and normally
• Avoid conflict vs resolution

•  a set of hierarchical relationships among diff groups as though they were arranged in layers, of “strata”

•  a group of humans living together whose interactions w/one another are patterned in regul ways

•  publically recognized social position

• Disease: biological problem (etic) measure & tested & replicated in multiple contexts 
• llness: culturally shape perceptions (emic) & experiences of health problems
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• Sex: social categorization of persons based on genitalia (or chromosomes)
• Gender: social classification of persons as masculine & feminine; sets of roles & statuses

• where am I in this encounter? Point of view? Perspective affecting? How am I changing? And I able to fully do this? Speak the language? 

Social- 

• a cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related other than kinship

Primary- Group in which individuals interact in face-face encounters on a regular basis

Secondary- Identity groups, people identity themselves with it but they may never meet everyone in the group IE: Ethnicity

• Vocal auditory channel: sound is used between mouth & ear, not visual, tactile, olfactory
• Ants smell, stickleback fish changes color of belly
• Broadcast transmission: signal can be heard by any person within earshot & the source can be determined by ears’ direction finding ability
• Rapid fading: auditory signals are transitory. Disappear seconds after having been spoken & don not wait on listener’s convenience
• Interchangeability: speakers of language are also listeners, can reproduce any message they hear
• Total feedback: speakers can hear their own voices & can reflect on-& modify their own speech
• Specialization: the sound waves of speech have no other function than to signal meaning
• Discreteness: all speech can be broken down into a finite set of speech elements, contrast w/one another (phonemes-phonology My Fair Lady) 100s of possible sounds by every lang only uses few
• Phoeme: a sound that differs from another one in a significant way for speech system
• “minimal pair” slide
• Reflexivity: language can reflect on itself. Talk about way people talk
• Traditional transmission: language is not instinctual, passed down to gen teaching/learning
• Learnability: any speaker of one language can learn any other language
• Openness: although languages are learned as open systems not closed systems
• Make and understand new meanings, understand things from diff perspective
• Displacement: ability to talk about things displaced form you in time & space, nonexistent (bees)
• Arbitrariness: no necess connection between signifier & referent, meanings given by social agree
• Duality of patterning: small discrete units of meaning can be combined to produce other units
• Phonemes-morphemes-sentences-discourses
• Semanticity: words & other linguistic units refer to ideas, things, & patterns
• Prevarication: utterances can be false (lies & fiction), meaningless, ontologically ambiguous

• Characteristics:
• 1. Near boundary occurrence (greetings occur at beginning, direct address, attention getting device / creates interaction frame)
• 2. Establishment of shared perceptual field (making recognition visually available)
• 3. Adjacency pair format 
• 4. Relative predictability of format (greetings are not always, sometime info value)
• 5. Implicit predictability of interaction (defines a unit of interaction, minimal proper conversation, can be demonstrated by 2 people)
• 6. Identification of the greeter as someone worth recognizing (ways in which greetings are carried out may identify a particular class of people)

• Gender roles: the cultural expectations of men & women in a particular society, including the division of labor
• Gender hierarchies: the ways in which gendered attributes & practices are differentially valued and related to resources, prestige, & power

• Class system: a system of social stratification whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation & life chances
• Caste: not all about class or occupation, about purity
• A system of social stratification whose membership is defined by birth
• Membership in caste is closed. Cannot pass from one to another but creation of new ones through mixing is possible but usually person of mixed is assigned to the lower one
• Hierarchical arrangement between castes may be changeable (varnas)
• Race: system of social stratification whose membership is defined by birthd
• Membership is closed, cannot move, creation of new categories through mixing is ok, but usually assigned to the lower of the 2
• “ the concept of race is a social & cultural construction… race simply cannot be tested or proven scientifically,” “concept of race has no validity… in human species”   Brazilian races
• A system of social stratification based on cultural codes that interpret human phenotypes using an idiom of biology

• Nation: a group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and/or physical substance
• State: a hierarchical, centralized political entity w/a legal monopoly on the use of force
• Nation-state: an ideal political unit in which national identity coincides w/political territory

reciprocity

redistribution

market exchange

• Reciprocity
• Generalized: balanced is understood but not time or value
• Balanced: equal value is expected w/in a certain time
• Negative: one party attempts to get something for nothing w/o penalties 
• Exchange
• Reciprocity: exchange creates bond between giver & receiver
• Redistribution: central authority accepts goods & services, then redistributes
• Market exchange: trade w/universal exchange/value ($) and carried out in markets
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Social Distance by Endogamy and Exogamy

• Endogamy: rules that one must marry w/in a certain category, social group, or locality
• Exogamy: rule that one must marry outside a social category, social group, or locality