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Final
Vocab
202
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/03/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Action Research
Definition
to inquire about and improve one's own situation (plan, act, monitor, reflect)
Term
Case Study
Definition
Intensive study of one person or one situation
Term
Correlational designs
Definition
research design that attempts to make connections between two
Term
Descriptive designs
Definition
research design that provides basic information about behaviors without making connections between behaviors, events, or conditions
Term
Educational Psychology
Definition
a discipline that links the science of psychology with educational practice
Term
Ethnography/Ethnographic Studies
Definition
a descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved
Term
Experimental Designs
Definition
research design that allows cause and effect between study variables to be inferred
Term
Method/Strategy
Definition
a systematic plan of action
Term
Principle
Definition
a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct; developed from theories
Term
Theory
Definition
a set of ideas used to explain a phenomenon and make prediction about behavior
Term
Measurement
Definition
the process of assigning numbers (scores) to describe the extent to which someone possesses a certain attribute or skill
Term
Assessment
Definition
the process of obtaining information that is used for making decisions about curricula, students, programs, and educational policy. This term is also used to describe the actual tools (test, papers, projects, etc.) used to gather information
Term
Formal Assessment
Definition
a pre-planned systematic attempt to discover what students have learned
Term
Informal Assessment
Definition
may involve techniques such as listening, observing students' interactions, asking questions, and reading journal entries in order to record information for the purpose of providing feedback
Term
Formative Assessment
Definition
provides feedback that helps the teacher guide students' learning while it is still in progress
Term
Summative Assessment
Definition
helps the teacher evaluate students' progress, as well as the efnd of a ufectiveness of instructional methods, at the enit or grading period.
Term
Criterion-referenced letter grades
Definition
grades that represent what students have accomplished relative to pre-set criteria or standards
Term
Percentage Grading System
Definition
the teacher assigns grades based on what percentage of information a student has answered or completed correctly; all percentage grades are averaged to compute a final grade
Term
Constructed response essay
Definition
requires students to write essays in which they are free to express their thoughts and ideas, and to organize the information as they see fit. With this format, there is usually no single correct answer; rather correctness ends up being a matter of degree
Term
Short answer/completion task
Definition
items come in three basic varieties; question, completion, and association. This format requires filling in a short response, usually consisting of a word or phrase
Term
Alternate Choice/Selected response format
Definition
presents a proposition that a student must judge which of the provided answers is correct.
Term
Multiple choice item
Definition
a question format in which students must choose the correct answer from among the list of response alternatives
Term
Matching Exercise
Definition
presents students with directions for matching, a list of premises, and a list of responses. The student's job is to match each premise with one of the responses
Term
T/F
Definition
presents a proposition that a student must judge and mark as either true or false, right or wrong, yes or no
Term
Validity
Definition
the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
Term
Reliability
Definition
the consistency of test results
Term
Fairness
Definition
The degree to which all students have an equal opportunity to learn and demonstrate their knowledge and skill
Term
Practicality
Definition
The extent to which the development, administration, and scoring of assessments is economical and efficient
Term
Authentic Assessment
Definition
measures important abilities using procedures that simulate the application of those abilities to real-world intellectual problems, roles, or situations
Term
Performance Assessment
Definition
any form of assessment that requires students to carry out an activity or develop a product in order to demonstrate skill or knowledge
Term
Rubric
Definition
an assessment tool that provides pre-set criteria for scoring student performance, making grading simpler and more transparent
Term
Assessment Bias
Definition
qualities of an assessment instrument or rater that offend or unfairly penalize a group of students because of the students' gender, SES, race, ethnicity, etc.
Term
Halo Effect
Definition
"Does your impression of a student influence the grade he/she receives?"
Term
Severity Error
Definition
"is there a floor effect in which you tend to use the bottom part of the grading scale?"
Term
Generosity Error
Definition
"is there a ceiling effect in which you use only the high end of the grading scale?"
Term
Central Tendency Error
Definition
"Do you tend to give the same score to everyone?"
Term
Norm-referenced tests
Definition
tests that are used to compare an individual score to the scores of other students from a norm sample
Term
Norm Sample
Definition
a large group of individuals who represent the population of interest on numerous dimensions such as gender, age, race, and SES
Term
Criterion-Referenced tests
Definition
tests that are used to compare an individual score to a pre-set criterion for a learning objective
Term
Standardized Tests
Definition
tests that are created by numerous experts in the field, focus on broad areas of learning, and have standard procedures and scoring
Term
Achievement Tests
Definition
Standardized tests measuring how much students have learned in a given content area
Term
Aptitude Tests
Definition
tests meant to predict future performance
Term
Diagnostic Tests
Definition
Individually administered tests to identify special learning problems
Term
Mean
Definition
measure of central tendency where all scores are summed and the sum is divided by the number of scores in the group (simple average)
Term
Median
Definition
Measure of central tendency that is the middle score in a list of all scores
Term
Mode
Definition
measure of central tendency that is the most frequently occurring score among the group
Term
Standard Deviation (SD)
Definition
the degree of variability in a group of scores
Term
Variability
Definition
measure of how widely scores are distributed
Term
Normal Distribution
Definition
a frequency distribution that is symmetrical and bell-shaped
Term
Central Tendency
Definition
a score that is typical or representative of the entire group
Term
Normal Distribution
Definition
a frequency distribution that is symmetrical and bell-shaped
Term
Central Tendency
Definition
a score that is typical or representative of the entire group
Term
Percentile Rank
Definition
type of test score that denotes the percentage of people in the norm sample who scored below or equal to a raw score
Term
Grade-equivalent scores
Definition
scores based on the median score for a particular grade-level of the norm group
Term
Raw Score
Definition
the number of correct answers
Term
Standard Scores
Definition
scores that are created by converting raw scores, typically using the mean and standard deviation, into scores that more easily and accurately describe score differences as compared to some other types of scores
Term
Learning objective
Definition
specific descriptions of what students will know or be able to do once they have completed the lesson
Term
Instructional Objectives
Definition
clear statement of what students are intended to learn through instruction
Term
Behavioral Objectives
Definition
Instructional objectives stated in terms of observable behaviors. A good objective has three parts: 1 the intended student behavior (what must the student do) 2. the conditions under which the behavior will occur (how will this behavior be tested or recognized) 3. the criteria for acceptable performance on the test
Term
Cognitive Objectives
Definition
Instructional objectives stated in terms of higher-level thinking operations. Includes a general statement of the objective and is followed by a list of sample behaviors that would provide evidence that the student has attained the objective
Term
Bloom's Taxonomy
Definition
A categorization of six learning objectives which includes lower-level objectives (remember, understand, apply) and higher-level objectives (analyze, evaluate, create)
Term
Direct Instruction
Definition
A behaviorist teaching method which maximizes academic learning time and minimizes off-task behavior by using teacher control, structured lesson, and extensive practice.
Term
Intelligence
Definition
Ability or abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving problems and adapting to the world
Term
Fluid Intelligence
Definition
Mental efficiency, nonverbal abilities grounded in brain development. Abilities that allow us to reason, think, and learn new things (think of it as an individual's potential for learning.
Term
Crystallized Intelligence
Definition
Ability to apply culturally approved problem-solving methods. It can increase throughout the life span because it includes the learned skills and knowledge such as vocabulary and facts. Knowledge base resulting from formal and informal education.
Term
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Definition
In Gardner's theory of intelligence, a person's eight separate abilities; logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial bodily-kinesthetic,interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. These are not the same as learning styles.
Term
Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence
Definition
Considers intelligence to be a person's ability to succeed in life. Success is defined according to an individual's personal goals. Successful intelligence comes about by balancing the strengths and weaknesses in the following abilities (analytical, creative, and practical)
Term
Flynn Effect
Definition
A phenomenon in which IQ scores have increased over successive generations throughout the world
Term
Pygmalion Effect
Definition
refers to the phenomenon that the greater the expectation placed upon people, often children or students, the better they perform
Term
Intelligence Quotient-IQ
Definition
is a score derived from one of several different standardized tests designed to assess intelligence. IQ scores are used in many contexts: as predictors of educational achievement or special needs. The average range is from 85 to 115
Term
Automaticity
Definition
The ability to respond accurately, quickly, and using few cognitive resources such as attention and strategies while performing a mental or physical task.
Term
Tacit Knowledge
Definition
Knowing how rather than knowing that-knowledge that is more likely to be learned during everyday life than through formal schooling
Term
Emotional Intelligences (EQ)
Definition
The ability to process and use emotional information accurately and efficiently. There are four broad abilities; perceiving, integrating, understanding, and managing emotions.
Term
Attentions
Definition
the focusing of mental processes on particular environmental stimuli. Attention is defined as a cluster of integrated events and processes that determine which stimuli receive further processing
Term
Central Executive
Definition
The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources.
Term
Chunking
Definition
Grouping individual groups of data into meaningful larger units
Term
Conceptual Knowledge
Definition
a form of mental representation that reflects and understanding of declarative or procedural knowledge
Term
Decay
Definition
A hypothesized weakening over time of information stored in long-term memory, especially if the information is used infrequently or not at all
Term
Declarative Knowledge
Definition
Knowledge related to "what is," to the nature of how things are, were, or will be.
Term
Elaborative Rehearsal
Definition
A cognitive process in which learners expand on new information based on what they already know
Term
Information Processing Theory
Definition
A theoretical perspective that focuses on the specific ways in which individuals mentally think about and "process" the information the receive
Term
Interference (proactive and retroactive)
Definition
A phenomenon whereby something stored in long-term memory inhibits one's ability to remember something else correctly
Term
Long-Term Memory
Definition
The component of memory that holds knowledge and skills for a relatively log period of time
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
Repetition of information over and over to keep it "fresh" in working memory
Term
Mnemonic Devices
Definition
a special memory aid or trick designed to help students learn and remember a specific piece of information
Term
Phonological Loop
Definition
Part of working memory. A memory rehearsal system for verbal and sound information of about 1.5 to 2 seconds
Term
Prior Knowledge
Definition
Process of reminding students of things they have already learned relative to a new topic
Term
Procedural Knowledge
Definition
Knowledge concerning how to perform a certain skill or task.
Term
Recall
Definition
A memory task in which one must retrieve information in its entirety from long-term memory.
Term
Reconstruction Error
Definition
Constructing a logical but incorrect "memory" using information retrieved from long-term memory plus one's general knowledge and beliefs about the world.
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
A cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it. When it is used to maintain information in working memory, it is called maintenance rehearsal. When it is connected with prior knowledge and expanded upon, it is called elaborative rehearsal.
Term
Retrieval Cues
Definition
a hint about where to " look" for a piece of information in long-term memory.
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
A component of memory that holds incoming information in a n unanalyzed form for a very brief period of time (probably less than a second for visual input and two or three seconds for auditory input.)
Term
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Definition
Part of working memory. A holding system for visual and spatial information.
Term
Working memory/ short-term memory
Definition
a component of memory that holds and processes a limited amount of information; also known as short-term memory. The duration of information stored in working memory is probably about five to twenty seconds.
Term
High-road Transfer
Definition
Applying abstract knowledge learned in one context to a different situation.
Term
Low-road transfer
Definition
Spontaneous, automatic transfer of highly practiced skills.
Term
Positive Transfer
Definition
occurs when previous learning facilitates learning on new task
Term
Negative Transfer
Definition
Occurs when previous learning hinders learning on a new task
Term
Mindful Abstraction
Definition
a defining feature of high-road transfer in which information that is consciously and actively learned is retrieved and applied to a new situation, guided by one's metacognition.
Term
Algorithm
Definition
A prescribed sequence of steps that, if selected and followed correctly, guarantees a correct solution
Term
Analogical Thinking
Definition
limits the search for solutions to situations that are most similar to the one at hand.
Term
Functional Fixedness
Definition
the inability to use objects or tools in a new way
Term
Heuristic
Definition
a general problem-solving strategy that relies on common sense or rule of thumb
Term
Means-ends analysis
Definition
a heuristic in which the main problem-solving goal is divided into subgoals.
Term
Problem Solving
Definition
the means we use to reach a goal in spite of an obstacle or obstacles
Term
Working backward strategy
Definition
a heuristic in which you start with the final goal and think backward to identify the steps that would be needed to reach that goal
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Association of automatic responses with neutral stimuli
Term
Contiguity Learning
Definition
Learning by simple association
Term
Neutral Stimuli
Definition
All events that do not evoke an automatic response
Term
Unconditioned stimulus
Definition
the behavior that evokes an automatic response
Term
Conditional Stimulus
Definition
Behavior that evokes a learned response.
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
Behavior that is learned
Term
Extinction
Definition
strategy used to decrease an inappropriate behavior by no longer providing reinforcement for that behavior, or ceasing to provide the pairing between stimuli and response
Term
Extinction
Definition
strategy used to decrease an inappropriate behavior by no longer providing reinforcement for that behavior, or ceasing to provide the pairing between stimuli and response
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents.
Term
Cue
Definition
Nonverbal event that occurs prior to a behavior
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
a consequence of behavior that increases the occurrence of that behavior/
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
strengthening behavior by removing and aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs.
Term
Punishment
Definition
A consequence of a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior
Term
Positive (presentation) punishment
Definition
Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behavior
Term
Negative (removal) Punishment
Definition
Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior.
Term
Continuous Schedule
Definition
Consequences are provided after every single instance of the behavior.
Term
Intermittent Schedule
Definition
Consequences are provided periodically for the behavior
Term
Ratio Schedule
Definition
Reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers.
Term
Interval Schedule
Definition
Length of time between reinforcers
Term
Fixed Schedules
Definition
reinforcement is provided either on a fixed ratio or fixed interval schedule so that the individuals know when to expect the reinforcement
Term
Variable Schedules
Definition
Reinforcement is provided based on a variable ratio or variable interval so that the reinforcement is not exactly predictable
Term
Premack Principle
Definition
Behavioral strategy used to increase an appropriate behavior by providing another behavior as reinforcement
Term
Shaping
Definition
Behavioral strategy used to increase an appropriate behavior by reinforcing small steps towards the behavior.
Term
Positive Practice
Definition
Behavioral strategy includes having a student repeatedly do the right or appropriate behavior
Term
Satiation
Definition
Behavioral strategy used to decrease an inappropriate behavior by having a student perform the behavior until it is no longer reinforcing.
Term
Extinction
Definition
The disappearance of a learned response
Term
Reprimand
Definition
Behavioral strategy used to decrease an inappropriate behavior by taking away something desired.
Term
Response Cost
Definition
Behavioral strategy used to decrease an inappropriate behavior by taking away something desired.
Term
Social Isolation (time-out)
Definition
behavioral strategy used to decrease an inappropriate behavior by removing an individual from a setting that includes reinforcement to a setting in which reinforcement is denied.
Term
Overcorrection
Definition
Behavioral strategy used to make restitution for an inappropriate behavior by having a student perform an appropriate behavior.
Term
Successive Approximations
Definition
Small components that make up a complex behavior
Term
Constructivism
Definition
A psychological paradigm that characterizes learning as a process of actively constructing knowledge
Term
Individual Constructivism
Definition
A form of constructivism in which individuals construct meaning by themselves from their experiences.
Term
Social Constructivism
Definition
A form of constructivism in which individuals construct meaning by interacting with others within a social and cultural context
Term
Cognitive Development
Definition
Gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated
Term
Schemas
Definition
Basic structures for organizing information; concepts
Term
operations
Definition
physical actions performed mentally
Term
Equilibration
Definition
the state of affairs when the individual's schemas are in balance with the environment.
Term
Disequilibrium
Definition
a discrepancy between one's existing knowledge and a new experience
Term
Adaptation
Definition
the inborn tendency found in all biological organisms to adjust to the demands of the environment
Term
Assimilation
Definition
the mental process whereby an individual incorporates new experiences into existing schemas, thus transforming incoming information to fit previous ways of thinking.
Term
Accomodation
Definition
modifying one's existing knowledge or creating new concepts when new information cannot fit into one's existing thinking.
Term
Avoidance
Definition
the act of keeping away from assimilating or accommodating existing schemas to fit incoming information
Term
Object permanence
Definition
awareness that objects and people continue to exist even when not present
Term
Egocentric
Definition
thinking about the world primarily from one's own physical or cognitive viewpoint
Term
Egocentric Speech
Definition
talking from the perspective of ones own interests and experiences without regard for the interests and conversational contributions of the listener
Term
Conservation
Definition
understanding that quantity or amount remains the same even though appearance changes
Term
Zone of Proximal Development
Definition
The difference between what an individual can accomplish independently and what he or she can learn with assistance from more capable individuals.
Term
Cultural Tools
Definition
The real tools (computers, scales, etc.) and symbol systems (numbers, language,graphs) that allow people in a society to communicate, think, solve problems, and create knowledge
Term
Co-Constructed process
Definition
a social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem. The final product is shaped by all participants.
Term
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
Definition
the mko refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. The MKO is normally thought of as being a teacher, coach, or older adult, but the MKO could also be peers, a younger person, or even computers.
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
a temporary social support provided by an adult or more capable peer for a child to accomplish a task
Term
Private speech
Definition
children's self-talk, which guides their thinking and action. Eventually these verbalizations are internalized as silent inner speach
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
Engagement in an activity or behavior which is rewarding in and of itself
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
Engagement in an activity or behavior to obtain an external outcome such as a reward or praise
Term
Locus of control
Definition
An individual's belief that outcomes or events are caused by either external factors outside of one's control (external locus) or internal factors (internal locus).
Term
Praise
Definition
Positive feedback on an individual's behavior or performance in verbal or written form.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
a positive consequence that is given after display of a behavior, which will cause the individual to perform the behavior again
Term
Task-contingent rewards
Definition
rewards that are given for participating in an activity or for completing an activity without regard to performance level
Term
Expectancy
Definition
a student's expectation for success; "can I do this task?"
Term
Value
Definition
Reasons for undertaking a task; "do I want to do this taks?"
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
a phenomenon in which students give up trying because they attribute repeated failures to causes that they do not control
Term
Mastery-approach goals
Definition
an intrinsic motivation to focus on mastery, improving intellectually, and acquiring new skills and knowledge
Term
Mastery-avoidance goals
Definition
motivation to avoid lack of mastery or looking incompetent according to one's own criteria of performance
Term
Mastery-oriented
Definition
students who choose mastery-approach goals
Term
Performance-avoidance goals
Definition
motivation to avoid lack of mastery or looking incompetent compared to the performance of peers
Term
Work-avoidance goal
Definition
a motivation to avoid academic work and prefer easy tasks
Term
Stability
Definition
a dimension of attributions in which the cause of an outcome is considered to be stable (unchangeable) or unstable (changeable)
Term
Entity view of ability
Definition
a perception that one;s ability if fixed (stable and uncontrollable)
Term
Incremental view of ability
Definition
a perception that one;s ability is improvable (unstable and controllable)
Term
Failure-accepting students
Definition
students who accept failure and give up trying to demonstrate their ability because of repeated failures to perform up to their expectations
Term
Failure-accepting students
Definition
students who accept failure and give up trying to demonstrate their ability because of repeated failures to perform up to their expectations
Term
Failure avoiding students
Definition
students who are highly motivated to avoid failure, but have low motivation to approach success situations and value learning only if it makes them look competent
Term
Success-oriented students
Definition
students who are intrinsically motivated, and define success in terms of becoming the best they can be, regardless of the achievements of others.
Term
overstrivers
Definition
students who are motivated by a need to perform better than others to ensure their success and prove their ability
Term
Humanistic theories
Definition
emphasizes factors intrinsic to the individual, such as needs, choice, self-determination, and self-actualization as resources of motivation
Term
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Definition
a humanistic theory which emphasizes a need for self-actualization which is obtained by first satisfying lower-level deficiency needs and being needs
Term
Internalization
Definition
a developmental process where one moves from less self-determined to more self-determined
Term
Self-determination
Definition
autonomy, or the feeling of having choice in one's actions rather than being controlled or pressured
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
one's expectations for success on a particular task
Term
Self-regulation
Definition
the ability to control one's emotions, cognitions,and behaviors by providing consequences to self.
Term
Self-worth
Definition
One's overall evaluation of our worth as a person
Term
Cognitive apprenticeship
Definition
an approach to learning cognitive skills within the context of authentic activities in which novices are guided, participate at a level commensurate with their ability, and gradually take over more responsibility with increasing skill
Term
Instructional Conversations
Definition
a method of encouraging elementary school students' interaction with and comprehension of stories during reading lessons based on Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
Term
Instructional Conversations
Definition
a method of encouraging elementary school students' interaction with and comprehension of stories during reading lessons based on Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
Term
Problem Based Learning
Definition
methods that provide students with realistic problems that don't necessarily have "right" answers.
Term
Cooperative learning
Definition
a method of grouping students together to work collaboratively characterized by five elements; positive interdependence, individual and group accountability, interpersonal skills, face-to-face interactions, and group processing.
Term
Positive Interdependence
Definition
a feature of cooperative learning which involves members of the group working together and depending on each other so that all group members succeed.
Term
Individual and group accountability
Definition
a feature of cooperative learning which involves group goals (group accountability) and personal responsibility for helping other members and contributing to the group goal (individual accountability)
Term
Interpersonal Skills
Definition
a feature of cooperative learning which involves skills such as trust, communications, decision-making, leadership, and conflict resolution.
Term
Face-to-Face Interaction
Definition
a feature of cooperative learning which involves effective help and and feedback to improve performance, exchanging resources effectively, challenging each others reasoning, and motivating each other to achieve goals
Term
Group Processing
Definition
a feature of cooperative learning which involves reflecting on how well the group is functioning and how to improve it
Term
Ability grouping
Definition
a method of creating groups of students who are similar in achievement or ability level
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