Term
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Definition
| proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease (used in 18th & 19th century, influence remains today) |
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Term
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Definition
| involves distinguishing one illness from another |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the apparent causation & development history of an illness |
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Term
| criteria of abnormal behavior |
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Definition
| deviance, maladaptive behavior, personal distress (ppl often viewed as disordered even if they only meet one criterion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- classifies all mental disorders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| makes notes on types of stress in past year |
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Term
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Definition
| estimates made on patients current level of adaptive functioning and on the individuals highest level of functioning in the past year |
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Term
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Definition
| are a class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| is marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat, ppl worry constantly, accompanied by physical symptoms(trembling,muscle tension,diarrhea,dizziness,faintness, sweating and heart palpitations), more common in females |
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Term
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Definition
| is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger |
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Term
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Definition
| is characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly & unexpectedly, 2/3 of ppl with this are female, usually develops in late adolescence and early adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| a fear of going out to public places, mainly a complication of panic disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| thoughts that repeatedly intrude on one's consciousness in a distressing way, usually center on inflicting harm on others, personal failures, suicide or sexual acts |
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Term
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Definition
| actions that one feels forced to carry out, involved stereotyped rituals that may temporarily relieve the anxiety of one's obsessions (handwashing, cleaning, checking locks) |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| is marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) 2.5% of ppl have this at some point in life, usually starts in late adolescence |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event (rape, car accident, war, natural disasters, witnessing a death), more common than assumed, ppl w/ intense reactions more vulnerable to this |
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Term
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Definition
| nightmares, flashbacks,emotional numbing, alienation, problems w/ social relations, increased sense of vulnerability, elevated arousal, anxiety, guilt, and anger |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder |
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Term
| biological factors of anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| studies suggest there is a moderate genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders, disturbances in the neural circuits using GABA may play a role in some types of anxiety disorders, abnormalties in neural circuits using serotonin have been implicated in panic and OCD disorders |
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Term
| conditioning and learning in anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| anxiety responses may be learned thru classical conditioning and maintained thru operant conditioning, Seligman suggest ppl are biologically prepared by their evolutionary history to acquire some fears much more easily than others |
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Term
| cognitive factors in anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| people are more likely to suffer from anxiety disorders b/c they tend to a. misinterpret harmless situations as threatening b. focus excessive attention on perceived threats c. selectively recall info that seems threatening |
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Term
| stress as a factor of anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| PTSD & other anxiety disorders are stress related, high stress helps precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| are genuine physical ailments caused in part by psychological factors, especially distress, these diseases have genuine organic basis & are not imagined |
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Term
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Definition
| are physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions & are largely due to psychological factors , symptoms are imagined but victims of this disorder are NOT simply faking |
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Term
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Definition
| is marked by a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin, occurs mostly in women, distinguishing feature is the diversity of the victims complaints |
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Term
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Definition
| is characterized by a significant loss of physical function(with no apparent organic basis), usually in a single organ system ex: losing vision, hearing, paralysis, loss of the function of limbs, symptoms aren't consistent w/ their disease |
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Term
| hypochondriasis (hypochondria) |
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Definition
| is characterized by excessive preoccupation w/ one's health & incessant worry about developing physical illness, often accompanies anxiety disorders and depression |
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Term
| cognitive factors of somatoform disorders |
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Definition
| ppl draw catastrophic conclusions about minor body complaints, seem to apply a faulty standard to good health, associating good health with a complete absence of symptoms & discomfort |
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Term
| personality factors of somatoform disorders |
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Definition
| ppl w/ neuroticism are more susceptible, may be caused by insecure attachment in early experiences w/ caregivers |
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Term
| the sick role w/ somatoform disorders |
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Definition
| some ppl grow fond of being sick, use sickness to avoid life's challenges, provides an excuse when ppl fail, like sympathy from others |
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Term
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Definition
| are a class of disorders in which ppl lose contact w/ portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity |
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Term
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Definition
| a sudden loss of memory for important personal info that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting |
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Term
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Definition
| ppl lose their memory for their entire lives along w/ a sense of personal identity |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete & usually very different personalities |
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Term
| etiology of dissociative disorders |
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Definition
| amnesia & fugue are usually attributed to excessive stress, most cases of DID are rooted in severe emotional trauma that occurred during childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| are a class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social and thought processes |
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Term
| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure, most cases emerge before age 40, 7-18% of American endure at some point, twice as likely in women |
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Term
| symptoms of major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| negative emotions, giving up activities the person once enjoyed, reduced appetite, insomnia, lack of energy, anxiety, irritability, brooding, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, dejection and boundless guilt |
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Term
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Definition
| formerly known as manic-depressive disorder, is marked by experience of both depressed and manic periods, affects 1-2.5% of the population, seen equally in males and females, peak of vulnerability between ages 20 & 29 |
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Term
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Definition
| mood's become elevated to the point of euphoria, self-esteem sky rockets, optimism, energy, and extravagent plans, hyperactive, may go days w/o sleep, talks rapidly, shifts topics wildly, judgement impaired, impulsive, reckless |
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Term
| genetic vulnerability in mood disorders |
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Definition
| heredity can create a predisposition to mood disorders, stronger for bipolar than unipolar |
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Term
| neurochemical and neuroanatomical factors in mood disorders |
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Definition
| abnormal levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, correlation between depression and reduced hippocampal volume, depression occurs when major life stress causes neurochemical reactions that suppress neurogenesis |
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Term
| cognitive factors of mood disorders |
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Definition
| learned helplessness, pessimistic explanatory style, hopelessness theory, ppl who ruminate & negative thinking helps cause development of depressive disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| poor social skills-lack of reinforcers-court rejection-gravitate to ppl who confirm negative self-views-increased vulnerability to depression |
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Term
| stress and mood disorders |
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Definition
| moderately strong link between stress and mood disorders, stress also affects how ppl respond to treatment & whether they relapse |
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Term
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Definition
| encompasses a class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior |
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Term
| general symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| delusions & irrational thought, deterioration of adaptive behavior(work, social relations, personal care), distorted perception(hallucinations), disturbed emotion(flattening of emotion, inappropriate emotional responses, emotionally volatile) |
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Term
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Definition
| are false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality |
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Term
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Definition
| are sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input |
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Term
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Definition
| is dominated by delusions of persecutions, along with delusions of grandeur, ppl believe they have many enemies who want to harass/oppress them, they become suspicious of friends/relatives, believe they are enormously important ppl |
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Term
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Definition
| is marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity, this is not a very common type |
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Term
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Definition
| remain virtually motionless & seem oblivious to the environment for long periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
| become hyperactive & incoherent |
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Term
| disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| a particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior is seen |
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Term
| symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| emotional indifference, frequent incoherence, and virtually complete social withdrawal, aimless babbling and giggling, delusions centered on bodily functions |
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Term
| undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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Definition
| is marked by idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic systems, fairly common |
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Term
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Definition
| involves behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention and poverty of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| involve behavioral excess or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas |
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Term
| course and outcome of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| usually emerges during adolescence & early adulthood, have a long history of peculiar behavior & cognitive social deficits, emergence may be sudden or gradual |
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Term
| 3 groups of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| milder disorders-fully recover, partial recovery-frequent relapses and in & out of treatment, chronic illness-permanent hospitalization |
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Term
| etiology of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| genetic vulnerability, dopamine hypothesis,abnormalities in neural circuits using glutamate as an NT, association between enlarged brain ventricles, neurodevelopmental hypothesis, families w/ high expressed emotion, and high stress |
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Term
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Definition
| asserts that excess dopamine activity is the neurochemical basis for schizophrenia |
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Term
| neurodevelopmental hypothesis |
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Definition
| asserts that schizophrenia is caused in part by various disruptions in the normal maturational processes of the brain before or at birth (viral infections, prenatal malnutrition) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward a patient |
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Term
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Definition
| argue the criteria of mental illness vary greatly across cultures and there are no universal standards of normality and abnormality, say the DSM reflects and egocentric, white, western, urban, upper-class cultural orientation that has limited relevance in other cultural context |
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Term
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Definition
| argue that the criteria of mental illness are much the same around the world and that basic standards or normality and abnormality are universal across cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| are abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups |
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Term
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Definition
| are severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation w/ weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain a normal weight, and dangerous measures to lose weight, 2 types-restricting & binge eating/purging, old disorder that reemerged in middle 20th century, onset 14-18 yrs old, 1-1.5% of females develop |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives & diuretics & excessive exercise ( more likely to cooperate in treatment), entirely new disorder, onset 15-21 yrs of age, 2-3% of females will develop |
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Term
| etiology of eating disorders |
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Definition
| may inherit genetic vulnerability, cultural values of thinness, parents who are overly involved, mother's unhealthy dieting, display all-or-none thinking, anorexia victims-obsessive, rigid & emotionally restrained, bulimia victims-impulsive, overly sensitive & low self-esteem |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| is basing the estimated probability of and event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event |
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Term
|
Definition
| the coexistence of 2 or more disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when ppl estimate that the odds of 2 uncertain events happening together is greater than the odds of either happening alone |
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Term
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Definition
| is basing the estimated probability of an event on the east with which relative instances come to mind |
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Term
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Definition
| ~15% of the US population, women are more likely to, ppl who don't have health insurance rarely do |
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Term
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Definition
| specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems, have doctoral degrees, use either insight or behavioral approaches, do psychological testing, psychotherapy and conduct research |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychologist who is slanted toward the treatment of everyday adjustment problems in normal people |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychologist who emphasizes in the treatment of full-fledged disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| are physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders, have and M.D. degree, emphasize drug therapies |
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Term
| other mental health professionals |
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Definition
| psychiatric social workers and psychiatric nurses, counselors |
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Term
|
Definition
| involve verbal interactions intended to enhance clients' self-knowledge, and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| (FREUD) is an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference |
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Term
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Definition
| clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible, client talks about everything that comes to mind |
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Term
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Definition
| the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams, the patients are encouraged & trained to remember their dreams which they describe in therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy, patients don't want to face up to the painful, disturbing conflicts that they have buried in their unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when clients start relating their therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives, the client transfers conflicting feelings about important people onto the therapist |
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Term
| psychodynamic approaches to therapy |
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Definition
| modern descendents of psychoanalysis |
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Term
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Definition
| (ROGERS) is an insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy, fosters self-acceptance & personal growth, therapists help clients realized they do not have to worry constantly about pleasing others and winning acceptance |
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Term
| Therapeutic climate for client-centered therapy |
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Definition
| critical for the therapist to provide a warm, supportive climate in which clients can confront their shortcomings w/o feeling threatened, must provide: genuineness, unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy |
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Term
| therapeutic process of client-centered therapy |
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Definition
| client and therapist work together, therapist's key task is to provide clarification, function as a human mirror, help clients become more aware of their true feelings |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group, 4-12 ppl w/ 6-8 ideal participants, participants function as therapists for eachother, prove acceptance and emotional support for each other, more affordable |
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Term
| how effective is insight therapy |
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Definition
| insight therapy is superior to no treatment or a placebo treatment, effect are reasonably durable, greatest improvement is found early in treatment |
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Term
| how do insight therapies work |
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Definition
| 1. the development of a therapeutic alliance w/ a professional helper 2. the provision of emotional support & empathetic understanding by a therapist 3. the cultivation of hope & positive expectations in the client 4. the provision of rationale for the client's problems & plausible method for resolving them 5. the opportunity to express feelings, confront problems, gain new insights, and learn new patterns of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| involve the application of principles of learning & conditioning to direct efforts to change client's maladaptive behaviors-assumed that behavior is a product of learning-assumed that what has been learned can be unlearned |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| is a behavior therapy used to reduce clients' phobic responses, assumes that most anxiety responses are acquired thru CC, 1. therapist helps client build anxiety hierarchy 2. trains client deep muscle relaxation 3. client tries to work thru hierarchy, learning to remain relaxed while imagining each stimulus, some therapists introduce clients to the real life situations |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses classical conditioning to create a negative response to a stimulus that has elicited problematic behavior (alcoholics forced to puke to alcohol), effective in treating addictions and stuttering, usually a part of a larger treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping |
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Term
| cognitive behavior treatments |
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Definition
| use combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| (BECK) uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders, uses behavior techniques such as modeling, systematic monitoring of one's behavior and behavioral rehearsal |
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Term
| how effective are behavior therapies |
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Definition
| make important contributions in the treatment of phobias, OCD, sexual dysfunction, schizophrenia, drug-related problems, eating disorders, psychosomatic disorders, hyperactivity, autism and mental retardation |
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Term
|
Definition
| are physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders, -assume psychological disorders are caused, at least in part, by biological malfunctions |
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Term
|
Definition
| reduce tension, apprehension & nervousness, ex: Valium & Xanax, are prescribed to ppl w/ anxiety disorders & also ppl w/ chronic nervous tension, have potential for abuse, dependence, & overdose, unpleasant withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
| side effects of antianxiety drugs |
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Definition
| drowsiness, lightheadedness, cottonmouth, depression, nausea, & constipation |
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Term
|
Definition
| are used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations & delusions,decrease activity at dopamine synapses, reduce symptoms in 70% of patients, work gradually, used to treat schizophrenia & severe mood disorders |
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Term
| side effects of antipsychotic drugs |
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Definition
| drowsiness, constipation, cottonmouth, tremors, muscular rigidity, impaired coordination, can cause tardive dyskinesia |
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Term
|
Definition
| a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing & ticlike movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet |
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Term
|
Definition
| newer, almost as effect as antipsychotics, less side effects, increase vulnerability to diabetes and cardiovascular problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| gradually elevate mood & help bring ppl out of a depression, tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, SSRI's |
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Term
|
Definition
| fewer problems with side effects & complications than MAOI's |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow uptake processes at serotonin synapses, ex: prozac, paxil, zoloft, fewer unpleasant or dangerous side effects, may increase risk of suicide |
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Term
|
Definition
| are drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders ex:lithium and valproate |
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Term
|
Definition
| prevents future episodes of mania & depression, can also bring patients out of current manic or depressive episodes, side effects:high concentrations of this in the blood can be toxic or fatal, kidney & thyroid complications |
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Term
|
Definition
| treats current manic episodes & prevents future disturbances, fewer side effects |
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Term
| evaluating drug therapies |
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Definition
| can be effective w/ severe disorders, not as effective as they say, ppl are overprescribed and overmedicated, damaging side effects are underestimated, drug companies often fund research (biased) |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| is a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions, effective treatment of major depression, over 50% of patients relapse w/in 6-12 months, memory loss occurs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hospitals, physicians, psychologists & other providers charged fees for whatever health care services were needed, & most of those fees were reimbursed by private insurance or the government |
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Term
|
Definition
| ppl enroll in prepaid plans w/ small co-payments for services, typically run by HMOs, lower prices but give up freedom to choose providers & obtain whatever treatments are necessary, less mental health coverage, prescribe older drugs w/ worse side effects |
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Term
| increasing multicultural sensitivity in treatment |
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Definition
| american minorities generally underutilize therapeutic services, minorities tend to be distrustful of large govt institutions, not many therapists speak languages of minorities, therapist are not familiar w/ cultural backgrounds, need more ethnic minority therapists |
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Term
|
Definition
| is a medical institution specializing in providing inpatient care for psychological disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| were underfunded, overcrowded, understaffed,served a large area so patients had to travel great distances to move there away from support, |
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Term
| community mental health movement |
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Definition
| emphasizes local, community-based care, reduced dependence on hospitalization & prevention of psych disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care, possible due to:1.the emergence of effective drug therapies for severe disorder 2.the deployment of community mental health centers to coordinate local care |
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Term
|
Definition
| created the revolving door effect, schizophrenic patients are constantly in and out of hospitals, many patients had no where to go 1/3 of homeless have mental disorders, 1/3 have drug or alcohol problems, has helped those w/ milder disorders and hurt those w/ severe disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| their professional background is not very important, private practitioners-most expensive, community based-cheaper, in each type of therapy there are therapist who are poor moderate and good |
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Term
|
Definition
| occur when ppl's expectations lead them to experience some changes even though they receive a fake treatment |
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Term
| regression toward the mean |
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Definition
| occurs when ppl who score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time an their new score falls closer to the mean |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the branch of psychology concerned with the way individual's thoughts, feelings, & behaviors are influenced by others |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of forming impressions of others |
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Term
| effects of physical appearance on person perception |
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Definition
| ppl tend to see desirable characteristics in those who are good looking, b/c of how beautiful ppl are portrayed in the media |
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Term
|
Definition
| are organized clusters of ideas about catagories of social events and people, ppl place each other in certain catagories |
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Term
|
Definition
| are widely held beliefs that ppl have certain characteristics b/c of their memberships in a particular group |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when ppl estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group that one belongs to & identifies with |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group that one does not belong to or identify with |
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Term
| evolutionary perspective on bias in person perception |
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Definition
| biases were adaptive in humans ancestral environment, our ancestors had to quickly identify friend from foe, bias is due to cognitive mechanisms that have been wired in the human brain by natural selection |
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Term
|
Definition
| are inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior, ppl make these b/c they have strong need to understand their experiences |
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Term
|
Definition
| ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings |
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Term
|
Definition
| ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints |
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Term
|
Definition
| whether an attribution is made to something that is temporary or permanent |
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|
Term
| fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| refers to observers' bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior, effortless to blame internal factors, the actor is more likely to blame situational factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships, found in N. America and Western Europe |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to, found in Asian, African and Latin American cultures |
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Term
|
Definition
| attribute success to the help one receives from others or to the ease of the task, while downplaying the importance of their ability |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to positive feelings toward another person |
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Term
| key factors in attraction |
|
Definition
| physical attractiveness, similarity effects, reciprocity effects, romantic ideals |
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Term
|
Definition
| proposes that males & females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners |
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Term
|
Definition
| dating partners gradually modify their attitudes in ways that make them more congruent |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves liking those who show they like you |
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Term
|
Definition
| the more closely individual's perceptions of their partners match their ideals, they more satisfied they tend to be with their relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
| is a complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony & ecstasy of intense emotion |
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Term
|
Definition
| is warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own, more strongly related to relationship satisfaction, 2 parts-intimacy& commitment |
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Term
|
Definition
| warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship |
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Term
|
Definition
| is an intent to maintain a relationship |
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Term
|
Definition
| people will have the same attachment type with romantic partners as they did in early childhood w/ parents |
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Term
| culture & close relationships |
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Definition
| love as a basis for marriage is an 18th century invention of western culture (individualism), arranged marriage (collectivism) |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when someone tries to attract another person who is already in a relationship |
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Term
|
Definition
| are positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought, vary in strength, accessibility, and ambivalence |
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|
Term
| 3 possible components of attitude |
|
Definition
| cognitive, affective, behavioral |
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|
Term
| cognitive component of attitude |
|
Definition
| the beliefs that ppl had about the object of attitude |
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|
Term
| affective component of attitude |
|
Definition
| the emotional feelings stimulated by an object of thought |
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|
Term
| behavioral component of attitude |
|
Definition
| predispositions to actin a certain way toward an attitude object |
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Term
|
Definition
| the person who send a communication |
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Term
|
Definition
| the person to whom a message is sent |
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Term
|
Definition
| the info transmitted by the source |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the medium through which the message is sent |
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Definition
| credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, likability, attractiveness & similarity |
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Definition
| fear appeals vs logic, one-sided vs two-sided, # of strong or weak arguments, repitition |
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Definition
| personality, expectations initial attitude on issue, strength of preexisting attitudes |
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| learning theory of attitude formation & change |
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Definition
| evaluative conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning |
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Term
| dissonance theory of attitude formation and change |
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Definition
| assumes that inconsistency among attitudes propel ppl in the direction of attitude change, sheds light on why ppl sometimes believe their own lies |
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Definition
| exists when related attitudes or beliefs are inconsistent-that is, when they contradict each other |
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| when ppl turn attitude somersaults to justify efforts that haven't yet panned out |
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Term
| elaboration likelihood model of attitude formation and change |
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Definition
| 2 routes, central and peripheral routes |
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Definition
| is taken when ppl carefully ponder the content & logic of persuasive messages, leads to more enduring attitude change |
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Definition
| is taken when persuasion depends on nonmessage factors such as attractiveness & credibility of the source, and no conditioned emotional responses |
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Definition
| occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure, as groups grow it increase to a point |
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Definition
| is a form of compliance that occurs when ppl follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority |
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Definition
| found strong pressure from an authority can make decent ppl do indecent things to others (nazi war crimes) -study was unethical |
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Definition
| are widely shared expectations about how ppl in certain positions are supposed to behave |
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Term
| stanford prison simulation |
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Definition
| the study"demonstrated the power of situations to overwhelm ppl and elicit from them unexpectedly cruel, yet 'situationally appropriate' behavior", guards were gradually consumed by their roles |
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Definition
| consists of two or more individuals who interact and are interdependent |
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Definition
| people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone, diffusion of responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals productivity often declines in larger groups, reduced efficiency results from loss of coordination, social loafing |
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Term
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Definition
| is a reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves, caused by the diffusion of responsibility in groups, individuals can hide in the crowd, more likely in larger groups, activities where individual output is hard to evaluate and where they expect co-workers to perform well and "carry them", less likely in collectivistic cultures |
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Definition
| occurs when group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction |
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Definition
| occurs when members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision, often leads to major blunders, caused by high group cohesiveness, when groups work in isolations, when the power is dominated by a strong, directive leader, and when the group is under pressure to make a decision quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and to the group itself |
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Term
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Definition
| is a negative attitude held toward members of a group, beliefs, emotions & behavioral dispositions |
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Term
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Definition
| involves behaving differently, usually unfairly toward the members of a group |
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Term
| realistic group conflict theory |
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Definition
| asserts that intergroup hostility and prejudice are a natural outgrowth of fierce competition between groups |
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Term
| foot-in-the-door technique |
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Definition
| involves getting ppl to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later |
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Term
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Definition
| the rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others |
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Definition
| involves getting someone to commit to seemingly attractive proposition before hidden costs are revealed |
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Definition
| high severity, 5 out of 9 symptoms, shorter duration-2wks or longer, reaction to stressor, typically an event involved, 17% of the us pop will experience at some point, highest in the 15-24 age group, 2:1 F:M ratio, more in lower social classes, mean age of onset 27 |
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Term
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Definition
| low severity, 3 out f 7 symptoms, longer duration: 2yrs or longer, earlier, more gradual onset, more like personality, 6 % of the u.s. pop |
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Term
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Definition
| internal-stable-global attributions |
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Term
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Definition
| attributional styles, interpersonal skills, genetics, biogenic amine hypothesis, |
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Term
| biogenic amine hypothesis |
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Definition
| depression due to deficit of specific NT's especially norepinephrine and serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin ex: imipramine, amitriptyline |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse ex: Nardil, Parnate |
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Definition
| selectively prevent reuptake of serotonin ex: Prozac, Zoloft, no more effective but less severe side effects and faster acting |
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Term
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Definition
| milder, more chronic for of bipolar disorder, mood swings from hypomania(mild) to dysthymia, experience highs and lows for at least a 2 yr period, have increased risk of developing bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| 1% of ppl will experience, mean age of onset 20 yrs old, gender ratio 1:1, more likely to occur in higher ,social classes, suicide rate 1/6-high, link to creativity(many artists have this), its genetic, excess of norepinephrine, treatment-lithium |
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Term
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Definition
| lifetime prevelance 2-4%, mean age of onset 20, gender ratio 1:1, caused by genetics, and serotonin, learned thru CC and maintained thru OC |
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Term
| goals of psychodynamic therapy |
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Definition
| need to bring underlying conflict into the open (make the unconscious conscious) =achieving insight, get patient to deal with problem directly rather than defending thru neurotic symptoms |
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Term
| cognitive behavior therapy |
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Definition
| fastest growing therapy, goal: to change or challenge unrealistic assumptions, trying to teach a person to challenge negative beliefs in order to get them to change those beliefs |
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Term
| how does Cognitive Behavior Therapy work |
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Definition
| through cognitive and behavioral techniques: cognitive-questioning of the evidence and recognition of logical errors, behavioral-devising and experiment to test the validity of beliefs, role rehearsal, skills training, |
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Term
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Definition
| 80% success rate, helps w/ sever depression and psychotic depression, helps 1/2 of drug nonresponders, works in less than 1 week, shortens hospitalization |
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Term
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Definition
| high relapse rate, can cause memory loss |
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Term
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Definition
| increases serotonin and norepinephrine like antidepressants, increases blow flow in the brain, dont know how or why it produces these effects |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of typical antipsychotics, a dopamine antagonist, side effects: cottonmouth, sun sensitivity, constipation, sleepiness, tardive dyskinesia, helps about 65% of patients |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of an atypical antipsychotic drug, a relatively weak dopamine antagonist, mainly affects serotonin activity, less severe side effects, 2% of patients develop a loss of white blood cells, its expensive and have to check blood weekly |
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Term
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Definition
| conforming to avoid social pressure and denying what their eyes told them |
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Term
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Definition
| informational influence, and normative influence |
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Term
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Definition
| ppl are unsure of themselves, looking for info from other ppl, conform b/c they believe the majority is correct, private acceptance-will give the same answer w/ or w/o the group |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly conform to avoid social rejection, public conformity-outwardly comply, but privately maintain former beliefs |
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Term
| moderating variables of conformity |
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Definition
| size of the group-conformity increases as the group does but only to a certain point, influence of a dissenter-1 dissenter can decrease conformity by 80%, no gender difference in conformity |
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