6 Emotions represented in facial expression

(Ekman) 

• Happiness
• Sadness
• Surprise
• Fear
• Anger
• Disgust

Charles Darwin

The Expression of the Emotion in Man and Animals

Facial expressions are universal and inherited

Human and animal emotion expressed in similar ways  

Facial expressions carry the same meaning regardless of culture, context or language

44 facial muscles with 10,000+ possible anatomical combinations 

Automatic physiological responses occur before the experience of emotion

"We feel sorry because we cry. Angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble"

Individual can control emotons with free will 

Geographical or physical closeness

Primary reason long distance relationships suck

Why you get office romances  

Really hard to study, so many individual differences

Name does matter

Concept of beauty changes with time  

One of the most important things in long term relationships

Attitude similarity increases attraction

Mismatched couples are more likely to seperate than matched couples (after first 9 months)

ANGELINA JOLIE 

Prosocial Behavior

(Helping) 

An act (possibly involving risk or sacrifice) that benefits others or has positive social value

Case of Catherine Genovese

 Was beaten walking home from the bus, people living around the block all saw and not one of them called the cops until she was already dead

Emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal

When people are phiologically aroused in the presences of something they think should scare them they label their arousal as fear   

An evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

If visual information does not reach the amygdala then its emotional significance cannot be assessed  

Changing the meaning of one's emotion-elicit stimulus

Emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

People are happier when they are asked to make an e sound or hold a pencil between their teeth 

An internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality

organism needs to maintain a certain level of nutrition, warmth, etc. when levels are not optimal organism receives signal to take corrective action 

The stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

Excitement Phase

Plateau Phase

Orgasm

Resolution 

A motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward

floss teeth to avoid gum disease

take exam to get college degree 

A motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

eat because it tastes good, excersize because it feels good 

Make a small request first, then follow it with a large request

"Snowball Effect" --> momentum of saying "yes"

Feelings of bargaining and compromise

Kid brings really expensive toy first, parents say no, comes back with a smaller less expensive toy  

Inability to compromise=decrease in self esteem 

Change in one's behavior or attitudes to adhere to widely accepted standards or beliefs

(social norms) 

Stanley Milgram

Teacher instructed to increase level of shock for every incorrect answer

Delegation of authority --> give teacher an assitant who administers shock

93% of teachers gave the maximum shock 

A human catagory of which a person is a member

People favor members of the in-group more then members of the out-group 

Occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

When people are in groups their attention is naturally drawn to others and away from themselves, and thus they are less likely to abide by their own moral values 

Occurs when people expend less effort when in a group than alone

People applaud less loudly in large groups, athletes exert less energy in team events  

The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Reveals that bystanders are less likely to step forward and help an innocent person in distress when there are many other bystanders present  

KITTY GENOVESE 

The tendency for a group's initial leaning to get stronger over time

"Pretty good" ideas turn into "Great ideas" 

The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

 Propinquity 

The cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

Best we can or should do 

A state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratio of two partners are roughly equal

Couples are more distressed when their respective cost-benefit ratio are different than when their cost-benefit ratios are unfavorable

The control of one person's behavior by another

People who know how to do this can get almost anything they want 

A customary standard for behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture

Facing forward in an elevator 

A phenomenon whereby one person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides informatio about what is appropriate

The norm that people should benefit those who have benefited them

If someone helps you jump start your car you are going to find it hard to refuse them when they ask to use your cell phone  

The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

Solomon Asch

Line Experiment 

A person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true

Stand on the sidewalk and look up at the buildings, soon other people will stop and stare too, believing you know something they don't 

A phenomenom that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Candidates during presidential election 

A change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion

If I feel good when I head an arguement it is probably right  

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions

Sign a bill for safer driving, they SHOULD install "Please Drive Carefully" signs in their yard  

A phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to perceive

When people know that someone has a negative sterotype about them, they have fear of conforming to that threat, ironically this fear can cause people to behave exactly the way the stereotype predicts  

Stereotype Threat  

An inference about the cause of a person's behavior

Situational Attribution

Dispositional Attribution 

The tendency to make dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation

Ex. Quizmasters, contestants, observers

Quizmasters asked questions only they would know, contestants couldn't answer them, observers claimed that the quizmasters were more knowledgeable then the contestants even though there was no reason they should know the answer 

The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

I chose my major because I was told I need to support myself after college

She chose her major because she's "materialistic"