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| The process through which immigrant communities lose their cultural distinctiveness by adjusting to the values, alleigences, and lifestyles of the 'host' countries. |
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| A belief that strong central authority, imposed from above, is either desirable of necessary, and therefore demands unquestioning obedience |
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| An all-encompassing process of political rule in which the state penetrates and controls all social institutions, therefore abolishing civil society and provate life |
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| a governing system in which, although elections take place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties. |
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| Literally, rule by God; the belief that religious authority should prevail over political authority, usually through the domination of church over state |
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| A belief that has the capacity to provoke political action by virtue of its emotional power rather than through an appeal to reason. |
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| The theory that living organisms derive their characteristic properties from a 'life force'; vitalism implies an emphasis upon instinct and impulse rather than intellect and reason |
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| The theory that spiecies go through a process of random mutations that fits some to survive (and possibly thrive) while others become extinct |
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| A belief in rule by an elite or minority; elite rule may be thought to be desirable (the elite having superior talents or skills) or inevitable, (egalitarianism simply being impractical) |
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| charm or personal power; the ability to inspire loyalty, eomtional dependence or even devotion in others |
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| the genuine interests of a collective body, equivalent to the common good; the will of all provided that each person acts selflessly |
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| An absolute dictatorship that masquarades as a democracy, typically based on the leader's claim to a monopoly of ideological wisdom |
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| A belief that the state is the most appropriate means of resolving problems and of guaranteeing economic and social development |
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| A belief in only one theory or value, monism is reflected politically in enforced obedience to a unitary political powerand is thus implicitly totalistarian |
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| a system of economic, political, or social organization that involves association of the people of society into corporate groups, such as agricultural, business, ethnic, labor, military, patronage, or scientific affiliations, on the basis of common interests |
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| A belief in the original or most basic principles of a creed, often associated with fierce commitment and sometimes relfected in fanatical zeal |
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| A belief that religion should not intrude into the secular (worldly) affairs, usually reflected in the desire to separate church and state |
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| a belief that moral or factual statements can only be judged in relation to their contexts, because there are no objective or 'absolute' standards |
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| a philosophical orientation that is somewhat difficult to define, but in essence constitutes a rejection of modernist ideals and behaviours in favour of what is perceived as a purer historical or even prehistorical way of life and consciousness of mind. |
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| an Islamic term literally meaning struggle; includes struggle against ones own soul (greater jihad) and external, physical effort or even holy war (lesser jihad) |
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| opposition to wars of conquest, particularly of non-contiguous territory or people with a different language or culture; it also includes people opposing the expansion of a country beyond earlier borders |
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| the ascendancy or domination of one element of a system over others, for Marxists, hegemony implies ideological domination |
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| a distribution of power in which two states have the majority of economic, military, and cultural influence internationally or regionally. |
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| a distribution of power in which more than two nation-states have nearly equal amounts of military, cultural, and economic influence. |
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| security arrangement, regional or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to, and breaches of, the peace. |
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| underlies the great-power system, in which a handful of countries dictate the rules for all the others. |
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| a theory of international relations that arose during the inter-War period principally from the strong concern about the obsolescence(still works but not wanted) of the State as a form of social organization |
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| a complex web of interconnectedness through which life is increasingly shaped by decisions or events taken at a distance; globalization reflects the increasing permeability of the nation-state |
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| a theory that describes using military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. |
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| the ability to obtain what one wants through co-option and attraction. |
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| a term in international relations that refers to multiple countries working in concert on a given issue |
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| any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action |
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| NGO (non-governmental organization) |
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| a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government. |
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| action to prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when they occur. |
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| Neoconservatism (Foreign Policy) |
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| main concern is to prevent the arrival of a new rival. |
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| Global North v. Global South |
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Definition
Global North: prosperous and powerful
Global South: impoverished and underdeveloped |
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| LDCs (least developed countries) |
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Definition
he name given to a country which, according to the United Nations, exhibits the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world
Traits: low income, human resource weakness, economic vulnerabilty |
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| NICs (newly industrialized countries) |
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Definition
countries whose economies have not yet reached First World status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts
Traits: political leaders, civil rights, manufacturing, free trade, foreign investment, lower poverty rates |
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| The extension of control by one country over another , wether by overt political means or through economic domination |
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| the theory or practice of establishing control over a foreign territory, usually by settlement or economic domination |
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| the practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural forces to control a country (usually former European colonies in Africa or Asia) in lieu of direct military or political control. |
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| IMF ( international monetary fund) |
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| an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. |
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| an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs; goal is to reduce poverty |
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| Federal Character Principle |
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| seeks to ensure that appointments to public service institutions fairly reflect the linguistic, ethnic, religious, and geographic diversity of the country. |
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| a form of governance in which all power flows directly from the leader. This constitutes essentially the blending of the public and private sector. The leaders of these countries typically enjoy absolute personal power. Usually, the armies of these countries are loyal to the leader, not the nation. |
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| refers to the paradox that countries and regions with an abundance of natural resources, specifically point-source non-renewable resources like minerals and fuels, tend to have less economic growth and worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources. |
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| person lacking professional skill", "a private citizen", "individual" |
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| strives to create opportunities for all members of a political group to make meaningful contributions to decision-making, and seeks to broaden the range of people who have access to such opportunities |
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| the elite should rule because they have a better understanding of how the world works than people of the lower classes |
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| an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market |
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| Belief in an ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects. |
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| the principle of common ownership of wealth, or a system of comprehensive collectivization; often viewed as Marxism in practice |
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| A moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favors the balance between the market and the state, rather than the abolition of capitalism. |
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| Working together; collective effort to achieve mutual benefit. |
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| A theory or practice based on the desire to promote equality; is sometimes seen as the belief that equality is the primary political value. |
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| the abolition of private property and the establishment of a comprehensive system of common or public ownership. Usually through the state |
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| a social division based on economic or social factors. Group of people who share a similar socioeconomic position. |
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| A Marxist term denoting the ruling class of a capitalist society, the owners of productive wealth |
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| A Marxist term denoting a class that subsists through the sale of its labour power; (not equivalent to the working class). |
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| The extension of state or public ownership over private assets or industries, either individual enterprises or the entire economy. |
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| a form of socialism which the state controls and directs economic life, acting in the interests of the people. |
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| A form of socialism that seeks to abolish capitalism and replace it with a qualitatively different kind of society |
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| A form of socialism that has revised its critique of capitalism and seeks to reconcile greater social justice with surviving capitalist forms. |
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| progress brought about by gradual, piecemeal improvements, rather than dramatic upheaval; change through peaceful or legal reform. |
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| A Marxist term denoting ideas and theories that serve the interest of the bourgeoisie by disguising the contradictions of capitalist society. |
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| A Marxist term denoting an accurate awareness of class interest and a willingness to pursue them; a class-conscious class is a class-for-itself. |
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| The crude and deterministic form of Marxism that dominated intellectual life in orthodox communist states. |
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| To be separated from one’s genuine or essential nature; Marxist term to descried the process whereby, under capitalism, labor is reduced to being a mere commodity. |
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| Marxist term for the value that is extracted from the labor of proletariat by the mechanism of capitalist exploitation. |
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| Dictatorship of the Proletariat |
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Definition
| Marxist term for the transitionary phase between the collapse of capitalism and the establishment of full communism, characterized by the establishment of a proletariat state. |
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| Lenin’s theoretical contributions to Marxism, notably his belief in the need for a revolutionary or vanguard party to raise the proletariat to class consciousness. |
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| A centrally planned economy supported by systematic and brutal political oppression, based on the structures of Stalin’s Russia. |
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| Adherence to an established conventional view, usually enjoying ‘official’ sanction or support. |
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| ideological movement that sought to revitalize socialist thought by developing a radical critique of advanced industrial society, stressing the need for decentralization, participation and personal liberation. |
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| endorses liberal-democratic principles and accepts that political change can and should be brought about peacefully and constitutionally. |
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| A philosophy that gives moral priority to the satisfaction of human needs and aspirations. |
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| A morally justifiable distribution of wealth, usually implying a commitment to great equality. |
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| The theory that a governing class of managers, technocrats, and state officials dominates both capitalist and communist societies. |
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| The notion of an alternative form of economic to both state socialism and feet-market capitalism, sought at different times by conservatives, socialists and fascists. |
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| A belief that the self or person is constituted through the community in the sense that there are no ‘unencumbered slaves’ |
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| A belief that human actions and choices are entirely conditioned by external factors; implies free will is a myth. |
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| economic system that incorporates a mixture of private and government ownership or control, or a mixture of capitalism and socialism |
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| Chinese Communist Party- formed in 1921 by one of the leaders of the May Fourth movement. One of two leading parties in China (KMT being the other). |
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| A Maoist movement attacking the CCP for “taking the capitalist road,” backed by the Red Guard who targeted authority figures, historic buildings and art. |
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| He is now general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, president of the People's Republic of China, chairman of the Central Military Commission |
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| Marxist, established separate communist republic within China with CCP. KMT caused Long March for CCP, but Mao secured leadership. Head of the People's Republic of China, 1949-76. |
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| Chinese Communist Party National Representatives Congress) is a party congress that is held about once every five years. The National Congress is theoretically the highest body within the Communist Party of China, but in practice important decisions are made before the meeting. Nearly 3000 members |
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| system created in 1979, offering tax breaks and other incentives to lure foreign investment to a handful of coastal enclaves. |
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| China’s executive branch, is the primary organ of daily government activity and is led by the premier (head of gov). |
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| the European old order of absolute monarchy buttressed by religious authority. |
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| Continental European system in which laws are derived from detailed legal codes rather than from precedent. |
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| Government with a president that lacks a majority in the legislature, leading to the appointment of a prime minister from an opposing party. |
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| an emphasis on state authority in economic development. |
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| system of a dual executive where the head of state is the president, and the prime minister is the head of government. |
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| Two Step Election Process |
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Definition
| process of direct elections by which one round is held and unless a candidate receives more than 50 percent of the vote, a second round is held pitting the top two candidates against each other. |
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| in the Fifth Republic, presidents are allowed to call a referendum. Sometimes used to pass controversial policy. Direct election in which the entire electorate is called to vote on a proposal. |
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| Ethnocultural Nationalism |
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Definition
| a form of nationalism that is fuelled primarily by a keen sense of ethnic and cultural distinctiveness and a desire to preserve it. |
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Definition
| the application of values and theories drawn from European culture to other groups and peoples, implying a biased or distorted viewpoint. |
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| beliefs, values and practices that are passed on from one generation to the next through learning; culture is distinct from nature. |
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| a sentiment of loyalty towards a particular group; bonds that are cultural rather than racial. |
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| preferential treatment towards a group designed to compensate its members for past disadvantages or structural inequality. |
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| a belief that human ends are best achieves through collaboration or collective efforts, highlighting the importance of social groups. |
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| the antidote to social polarization and prejudice. |
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| Forbearance; a willingness to accept views or actions with which one is in disagreement. |
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| commitment to toleration and a desire to uphold freedom of choice. Also, draws an important distinction between ‘private’ and ‘public’ life. |
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| Cosmopolitan Multiculturalism |
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Definition
| endorses cultural diversity and identity politics, but they view them as essentially transitional states in a larger reconstruction of political sensibilities and priorities. |
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| Pluralist Multiculturalism |
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Definition
| no ones beliefs may be held as a greater moral authority over the other. Implies a live and let live structure and indifference politics. |
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Definition
| The theory that there is no single, overriding conception of the ‘good life’, but rather a number of competing and equally legitimate conceptions. |
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