Term
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Definition
| maintaining a constant internal environment |
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Term
| Motor proteins that travel along microtubule tracts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Making RNA from DNA through a process of creating an equivalent RNA copy of a sequence of DNA |
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Term
| Constituents of phosphatidylcholine |
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Definition
| glycerol, phosphate, choline, and 2 fatty acid chains |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces the surface tension of a liquid |
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Term
| How are proteins anchored in the membrane? |
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Definition
| Peripheral, integral/transmembrane proteins. Glycolipids. Myristyl, farnesyl, and GPI anchors. |
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Term
| Post-translational modification of proteins |
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Definition
| acetylation, methylation, hydroxylation, y- carboxylation, glycosylation, myristylation/plamitylation, and phosphorylation |
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Term
| Post-translational modification of histones |
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Definition
| acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitinylation. NOT FARNESYLATION. |
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Term
| What increases diffusive flux? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Stokes-Einstein equation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for electrochemical potential? |
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Definition
| (mu)=(mu)0+RTlnC+z(faraday)(psi) |
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Term
| What can increase primary active transport? |
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Definition
| The number of transport proteins. |
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Term
| Where does passive permeability derive its energy from? |
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Definition
| The electrochemical gradient. |
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Term
| What is the equation for the reflection coefficient? |
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Definition
| (pi)observed=RT(cap.sigma)(sigma)C(phi) |
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Term
| What is the equation for microporous permeability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for biological permeability? |
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Definition
p=(KD)/(delta)
D-D of a lipid |
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Term
| What is the equation for hydraulic permeability? |
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Definition
| Lp=(n(pi)a^4)/(8(eta)(delta)) |
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Term
| Red blood cells are placed into solution A. You then take out the RBC and look at them under a microscope, the cells look like spiky balls. What type of solution is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| ADP1,3 diphosphate --> ATP+Pi. What is this? |
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Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
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Term
| The Electron Transport Chain |
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Definition
Links chemical energy to H+ pumping from the inner mitochondrial matrix to the membrane.
NADH feeds into the beginning of the ETC—3 complexes pump H+.
FADH2 feeds into the ETC after complex I only II complexes pump H+.
The final electron acceptor is oxygen; without it, the whole ETC backs up. |
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Term
| With the complete oxidation of one mole of pyruvate, what is produced? |
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Definition
4 NADH,
1 FADH2,
1 GTP,
3 CO2 |
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Term
| What are the three ketone bodies? |
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Definition
| Acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta hydroxyk buteric acid. |
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Term
| Given an Action Potential Graph, be able to determine where the Na activation gates are open and where that NA inactivation gates are closed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Myelination increases conduction velocity. What does it do to the transmembrane potential? |
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Definition
| Increases resistance across membrane and decreases capacitance |
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Term
| What is the end plate potential? |
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Definition
| The binding of ACH reasulting in the graded depolarization of the muscle cell. |
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Term
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Definition
g=(Em-Ei)/I
Em=(ENa)(gNa/(gNa+gK+gCl))+(EK)(gK/(gNa+gK+gCl))+(ECl)(gCl/(gNa+gK+gCl)) |
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Term
| What is resting membrane potential mainly determined by? |
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Definition
| It is a conductance-weighted average of the equilibrium potentials for the ions that possess conductance across the membrane. |
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Term
| Calculate the maximum power of a muscle given area and velocity, and compare the ratio of the two (Pa to Pb=). |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is a fast twitch muscle fast? |
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Definition
| Myosin exists in multiple isoforms that can be distinguished by myosin staining. Slow-twitch muscles have myosin I and fast-twitch muscles have isoforms of myosin II. They differ in their turnover number; faster cross-bridge cycling causes faster shortening. |
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Term
| Why does muscle force persist after Ca transient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the H zone, I band, A band, etc, for concentric muscle contractions. |
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Definition
H-zone: Where thin filaments do not overlap thick filaments (clearer area in the middle of thick filaments).
I-band: Thin filaments do not overlap thick.
A band: Length of thick filament.
Z-line: Thin filaments of opposite sides attach.
M-line: Keeps thick filaments centered. |
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Term
| Why does lactic acid increase during anaerobic threshold? |
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Definition
| One, because the rest period between the contractions is shorter. Two, because the fast glycolytic fibers are increasinglyrecruited over the oxidative fibers, which causes a release of more lactic acid. Three, the sympathetic nervous system increases the rate of glycolysis, increasing the supply of pyruvate and, by mass action, lactate. |
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Term
| Do alpha and beta adrenergic receptors cause relaxation or contraction? |
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Definition
| alpha contraction, beta relaxation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine. |
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Term
| What are epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine synthesized from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cuneatus receptors are through what nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and ECF (extracellular fluid)? |
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Definition
| CSF lacks the high protein level of the plasma, so its osmolarity is balanced by the increased concentrations of Na+ and Cl-. |
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Term
| What does the withdrawal reflex activate (extensor/reflexor, contralateral/isolateral)? |
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Definition
| contralateral-extensor, isolateral-reflexor. |
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Term
| Where is the primary motor cortex located? |
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Definition
| anterior of the central sulcus |
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Term
| How do you increase skeletal muscle force? |
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Definition
recruit more fibers
increase the frequency of stimulation
vary the length |
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Term
| What nerve are pungent odors carried over? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the Organ of Corti Afferents originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the blind spot caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a light is shined on a rod cell, what happens to gGMP, gNa, and glutamate? |
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Definition
1. Transducin is activated.
2. Activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase.
3. Decrease in [cGMP].
4. Reduces gNa and glutamate.
5. Hyperpolarizes the cell. |
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Term
| Where do the parasympathetic nerves originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does not use ACH as a neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
| Post-ganglionic sympathetic. |
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Term
| Why is swallowing programmed? |
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Definition
| Because the timing must be perfect between the covering of the trachea (to avoid food in the lungs= pneumonia and death), and choking on big particles of material (avoided by the mechanoreceptors on the pharynx= gag reflex). |
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Term
| How does the small intestine churn chyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain inhibits food uptake? |
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Definition
| Ventromedial hypothalamus. |
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Term
| What activated pancreatic secretion? |
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Definition
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