Term
|
Definition
| descartes question of reliability of sense perceptions. at any moment we could be dreaming |
|
|
Term
| what i am according to Descartes |
|
Definition
| a thinking thing, i think therfore i am |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ideas(images,concepts), judgements(true or false), volitions/affects(emotions, desires) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innate(pure)-come from within, adventitious(empirical)-ideas that come to us from the outside, fabrications(invented)-ideas that come from within us that we make up in our mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objective and formal- infinite substances, finite substances(humans animals), modes/properties(hot cold) |
|
|
Term
| descartes the relation of objective to formal reality |
|
Definition
| the cause of the objective reality of an idea has as much formal reality as there is objective reality in it |
|
|
Term
| formal falsity vs material falsity |
|
Definition
| formal- judgements and if they are false, material- false if they dont relate to anything in the real world |
|
|
Term
| intellect vs will as the source of error |
|
Definition
| intellect perceives ideas to make a judgment but it does not make claims and therefore cant make erros because it never claims that anything is for certain. the will i sperfect and infinite, errors come when the intellect makes judgments |
|
|
Term
| descartes argument for the separability of mind and body |
|
Definition
| he is a dualist in that he has a clear idea of himself as a thinking thing and external thing, his mind is separate from the body and therfore he can live without his body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foundationalism and coherntism are wrong and there are no justified beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are justified basic beliefs, all justified non basic beliefs are justified in virtue of their relation to the basic beliefs. |
|
|
Term
| justified basic beliefs vs justified non basic beliefs |
|
Definition
| jbb-serve as foundation upon which all of the succeeding justified beliefs rest |
|
|
Term
| three questions to be answered by any foundationalist theory |
|
Definition
1.which basic beliefs are justified?
2. how are these basic beliefs justified and if they are notjustified by other beliefs then how do they getjustified?
3. what sort of connection must a nonbasic belief have to basic beliefs in order to be justified? |
|
|
Term
| humes doctrine of necessity |
|
Definition
| observing other events more than once-- sequence of events-- notice human being can predict action- same motives will lead to action.. pavlovs dog |
|
|
Term
| humes doctrine of liberty |
|
Definition
| you can do as you choose, anyone who is not restrained can exercise this liberty. |
|
|
Term
| humes 2 criteria that a philosophical definition should meet |
|
Definition
| 1-it must have evidence with everyday life 2-it must be coherent with itself |
|
|
Term
| 2 objections to humes doctrine of liberty and necessity |
|
Definition
| 1. if all events can be traced back to another event they they can be traced to god- all actions would be good or god could be creater of bad 2. it is hard to find out how god both can and cant be the cause of things |
|
|
Term
| metaphysical problem of human freedom` |
|
Definition
conflict btwn two ideas.
human beings are responsible, every event that is involved in an act is cause by another event and
some of the events that are essential to the act are not caused at all |
|
|
Term
| deterministic view of human action vs indeterministic view of human action |
|
Definition
| determinism means all events are completely determined by other events |
|
|
Term
| standard argument that determinism is consistent with human responsibility |
|
Definition
| chisholmm- could have done otherwise- chosen to do otherwise- reject determinism |
|
|
Term
| chisholms answer to the metaphysical problem of human freedom |
|
Definition
This rejects both determinism and
indeterminism. He says that the question of freedom does not concern the actus imperitus (whether or not we can
accomplish what we choose), but the actus elicitus (whether or not we are free to choose among various options).
Libertarian –determinism is false |
|
|
Term
| immanent causation vs transeunt causation |
|
Definition
Immanent causation occurs when an agent causes an event or state of affairs
—Transuent causation occurs when one event causes some other event |
|
|
Term
| whether the will be free vs whether the man be free |
|
Definition
| chisholm- man has tobe responsible for movement of stone- whether man is free to will to do those things |
|
|
Term
| 1st oreder desires vs 2nd order desires |
|
Definition
| 1st- things you want directly 2nd wanting to do do those things |
|
|
Term
| 2nd order desires 2nd order volitions |
|
Definition
| v- the desire to want your 2nd order desire to be effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has a 1st order desire to take the drug…also has a 1st order desire to refrain from taking the drug.
—his 2nd order volition is that he wants his 1st order desire to refrain from taking the drug to be effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the desire that ultimately happens |
|
|
Term
| 3 conditions for personhood |
|
Definition
| 1. second oder voliition 2.must have the capacity to enjoy freedom of the will 3. rationality |
|
|
Term
| freedom of action vs freedom of the will |
|
Definition
| action- freedom to do what you want do do will- freedom of having the effective desire you want to have |
|
|
Term
| 2 compolications of the will that can lead to the destruction of the person |
|
Definition
| 1. lacking freedom of the will, not being free to have the effective desire you want to have 2. not being able to choose a 1st order desire to be effective because of conflicting 2nd order desires, which leads to paralysis of action |
|
|
Term
| frankfurt's criticism of chisholm |
|
Definition
| determinism is false, every action is not a miricle |
|
|
Term
| 3 conditions for being morally responsible for one's actions |
|
Definition
| 1.your will was free whenyou did what you wanted to do 2. you did what you wanted to do freely 3. you had the effective desire that you wanted to have |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. human body is material 2. human mind is a spiritual thing 3. mind and body interact 4. spirit and matter do not... 3 can be true but that makes the 4th false |
|
|
Term
| conditions of spirituality |
|
Definition
| immaterial and capable of mental life, must have intentionality, must be capable of being conscience |
|
|
Term
| epistemic grounds for the immateriality of the mind |
|
Definition
| if we can have the knowledge of immaterial things than our mind is immaterial as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Category—the mind can experience things that are immaterial such as pain. The mind
can’t categorize all things into physical terms.
2. Mental Objects arguments argue that afterimages occur and they are not material.
Therefore the mind is not material either. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mind is spirit, telepathy, survaval of death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interactionist Dualism rejects that the spirit and matter do no interact.
Parallelism holds that the mind and the body are always parallel but never interact. |
|
|
Term
| philosophical objection to the idea of a spiritual thing |
|
Definition
| Problems exist in questions like how could we determine the boundaries of spiritual things? And what is the composition & location? The worry that these questions could never be answered led philosophers to hold that spirits have no spatial characteristics at all, not even position. |
|
|
Term
| 1 scientic objection to the idea of a spiritual thing |
|
Definition
| 1 scientific objection to the idea of a spiritual thing is the problem of evolution. Evolutionary theory asserts that complex modern forms, such as man, are the remote descendants of earlier species that are much simpler that show no signs of mental life like the amoeba. If this is true then the question arises when did the immaterial thing come into play. |
|
|
Term
| materialism vs panpsychism |
|
Definition
materialism holds that, in reference to the question of when the immaterial thing came into play, amoeba’s are material things and so are we. There is no spirit anywhere.
Panpsychism – rejects that immaterial things ever jst popped in because they were always there. Everything, including amoeba’s, have always had an immaterial thing attached to it.
Both approaches are metaphysical. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the likelihood that all brain happenings are determined only by physical influences operating on the brain. This concludes that the spirit has no effect on matter and that interactionist dualism is false. Success of contemporary biochemistry darkens this shadow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is regarded by Campbell to be the only way out from the shadow of physiology. According to this theory, both spiritual and material conditions are separate but complete causes of some particular brain events. He then calls double causation an incoherent idea and a spurious way of escape from the shadow of physiology. |
|
|
Term
| qualitative vs numerical identity |
|
Definition
qualitative- changes in personality
numerical- things that make that person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dual-soul is identity
physicalism- body and mind are one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descartes, he characterizes the was and then they change, yet it is still wax, he percieves the wax throught the mind alone |
|
|
Term
| uniformity of human actions |
|
Definition
| through certain motives such as age, gender etc, you can predict how people will act in certain situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no 1st order desire to refrian from the drug.. his want to take the drug is always his effective desire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has 1st order desire to take the drug.. also has a 1st order to take the drug, but he has no 2nd order volitions |
|
|
