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| a neutral or positive expression used instead of one with a negative association. |
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| used to produce a negative effect on a listener or reader's attitude toward something. (opposite of euphemism) |
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| used to express or influence attitudes via comparisons. |
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| smuggle prejudice of one sort or the other into the meaning of a term. |
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| slanting device clothed as explanations. |
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| a thought or image about a group of people based on little or no evidence. |
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| a form of suggestion which implies something (usually negative). Ex:"I didn't say the meat was tough. I said I didn't see the horse that is usually outside." |
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| rests on one or more unwarrented/unjustified assumptions. Ex:"Have you stopped beating your wife?" |
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| when inserted into a claim, they help protect it from criticism by watering it down somewhat, weakening it, giving the claims auther a way out in case the claim is challenged. Ex: "Three out of four dentists "surveyed" recommend sugarless gum "for their patients who chew gum"" |
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| makes someone or something look less important. Oftentimes uses words or phrases such as "mere" or "Just another" |
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| includes the use of ridicule of all kinds. unrelated jokes, use sarcastic language, or flat out laugh at an opposing person or argument. |
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| an extravagent overstatement. Related to dyspemism or sometimes horse laugh. Ex:"A teen who refers to overly strict parents as "fascists"" |
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| an expression used to suggest that thes is evidence or authority for a claim without actually citing such evidence or authority. Common phrases which indicate proof surrogates are"informed sources say", "it's obvious that" and "studies show" |
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