Shared Flashcard Set

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Final
Final
59
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
05/01/2010

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Kent Flannery
Definition
“Seasonal Scheduling” hypotheses
(****pop size, key resources in environment, technology***)
Move to resources season to season, in dry season move upland to hunt, rain seasons move to low lands. As pop grows more teosinte and maize exploited, when pop hits carry capacity, pressure to more intensively and efficiently exploit.. etc.
Problem: Maize and teosinte weren’t very productive in early days, couldn’t get a lot of food out them, not enough information about Archaic Period
Term
Richard MacNeish 
Definition

“Settling In” hypothesis, highlands were nuclear zones for precursor of early domesticates, hunter-gatherers, plants so abundant and edible they began to focus on them more intensively, cultivate them, select for specific traits, led to domestication

Problem: Doesn’t explain when domestication occurred, corn wasn’t abundant in highlands

Excavated Coxcatlan Cave in the Tehuacan Valley

Term
Matthew Stirling 
Definition
Established that the Olmec were in the gulf coast and that they were a complex chiefdom
Term
Hernan Cortes 
Definition
Arrived in 1519, hears stories of Aztec city, wanted wealth, became alliance with enemies of Aztecs, conquered Aztecs city and stripped it of it’s wealth
Term
Alberto Ruz
Definition
Archeologist excavated the Maya site of Palenque, where he found the tomb of the Maya ruler Pakal
Term
Olmecs 
Definition
First known culture in mesoamerica, elaborate political and religious symbolism, significant trade ties, alliances or conquered with other areas in mesoamerica, for many years thought to be first chiefdom, now many think they were first state, with first cities in mesoamerica
Term
Aztecs
Definition

 Came into power 100 years before spanish arrived, migrated from central Mexico, effective warriors, barbarians, become powerful during Great War of 1426-1428, became dominant power in basin of Mexico, initiated political reforms to solidify their power, alter religion so human sacrifice was main part of religion, ceremonies where 1000s of war captives were sacrificed, skulls of victims put on skull racks (needed people to sacrifice, became reason to conquer other states)

Term
Zapotec 
Definition

Lived in Oaxaca

Left evidence in city of Monte Alban

Ball courts

Founded Monte Alban

Term
Mixtec
Definition

Monte Alban, gained control from Zapotec

Paid tribute to Aztecs

Codices

Jewelry (gold, turquoise)

Term
18 Rabbit 
Definition

Ruler of Copan

Defeatedby Quirigua (Cauc Sky)

Term
Inca
Definition

Defeated Chimor state

Capital city Cuzco 

Peru

Sapa Inca

Machu Picchu

Inti- Sun God 

Term
Maya
Definition

Soconusco Region

Only known fully developed written language

Fully developed writing

Calendar

Intro of Pottery

Stelae

Term
4 Reasons for collapse of Mayan Society
Definition

-Human impact on environment (Copan)

-Social Revolt (Teo)

-Evidence of warfare (Maya Lowland)

-Evidence of drought (Yucatan)

Term
Chavin Chiefdoms
Definition

First Complex chiefdoms

Carved stone monuments

Supernatural figures 

Term
Mochicha State
Definition

Peru

Capital Moche

Extensive irrigation systems (turn desert into agricultural landscape)

Warfare and human sacrifice

Earthquake followed by El Nino

Term
Highlands
Definition
Basin of Mexico, Valley of Oaxaca, Maya Highland
Term
Lowlands
Definition

Gulf Coast

Maya lowlands (southern, northern)

Pacific Coast

Term
Andean South America
Definition

Altiplano

Driest desert on earth, rich marine resources

Titicaca Basin

Term
Monte Verde
Definition
First site of human in the New World 
Term
Teotihuacan 
Definition

Street of the Dead

Apartment compounds

Pyramid of the Sun, Moon, Temple of Quetzalcoatl

Feathered Serpent Deity

Muted rulership

Term
Valley of Oaxaca
Definition

Zapotec Civilization

Monte Alban, San Jose Mogote

Term
Yucatan 
Definition
Home of the Maya civilization, archeological remains show ceremonial architecture dating back some 3,000 years
Term
Coxcatlan Cave 
Definition

Richard MacNeish 

provides evidence of the initial appearance of domesticated plants including maize, squash and beans 

Term
Tehuacan Valley
Definition

Site of Coxcatian cave, location of first ceramic technologies 

Term
Soconusco Coast
Definition
Earliest complex societies
Term
San Lorenzo
Definition

Major pop and political center

Serious of monumental platforms built above river

Basalt heads

Term
La Venta
Definition

Huge pyramid

2 teenagers, string ray spines

Ideology Important

Olmec rulers had relationship with gods 

Stelae

Term
San Jose Mogote
Definition

Main site before Monte Alban

In crises loosing power

Stone depiction of noble

Earliest evidence of heart sacrifice

Term
Kaminaljuyu
Definition
Maya Civilization
Term
Monte Alban
Definition

Earliest State

Two room temples

Ballcourt

Palaces built around main plaza

Danzante Gallery

Warfare and sacrifice

Trade with Teo

Term
Tikal
Definition

Mayan

Stepped pyramid temples

 

Term
El Mirador
Definition

Earliest Mayan city

Largest buildings

Plaster faces 

Term
Copan
Definition

Maya Capital

18 Rabbit

Best evidence of human impact on enviroment

 

Term
Quirgua 
Definition

Mayan

Shares architectural and sculptural styles with Copan

Tallest stone monument 

Term
Palenque
Definition

Mayan

Hieroglyphic inscriptions on monuments

Tomb of Lord Pacal

Incriptions

Ruz

Term
Tula
Definition
Toltecs
Term
Chichen Itza
Definition

Mayan

Yucatan Peninsula

Dominant at end of Late Classic

Major Regional Capital

Term
Chavin de Huantar
Definition

Chavin

Ceremonial center

Social upheaval

Term
Nazca
Definition

Andean Coast

Lines along coast 

Term
Cuzco
Definition

Capital of Inca empire

Peru

Term
Machu Picchu
Definition
Inca
Term
Temple of Inscriptions
Definition

Maya

Palenque

Funerary Monument

Term
Tomb of Lord Pacal
Definition

Palenque

Ruz

Temple of Inscriptions

Shows leader falling into underworld 

Term
Templo Mayor
Definition

Aztecs temple

In capital city of Tenochtitlan

 

Term
Caral and El paraiso
Definition

Supe Valley

Earliest Andean chiefdoms

Term
Monument 3
Definition
Imagery of man being slayed, first time we see a ruler attached to human sacrifice 
Term
Jade 
Definition
Olmec
Term
Popul Vuh
Definition

Mayan origin stories

Agreement between people and gods 

Term
Mixtec Codices
Definition
Oaxacan origin stories after Monte Alban
Term
Ball Courts
Definition
Found in Monte Alban, showed blending of religion and politics, portal and entryway to the underworld, sacrifice and to seal political alliances
Term
Paleoindian Period 
Definition

Bands

Evidence of earliest Americans

Term
Mesoamerican Archaic
Definition

Band societies

Forager farmers

Coaxcatlan Cave

Evidence of domestication (squash, gourds, maize beans)

Wild food still dominant

Term
Early Formative
Definition

Wattle and daub

Earliest pottery

Term
Early and Middle
Definition

 

Earliest complex Societies

Term
Middle Formative
Definition

 800- 400 BC, Evidence of Olmec ideology in monument art, complex chiefdoms, burials of teenager with sting ray


Term

Late Formative


Definition

400-300 AD, Sacrifice made distinction between nobles and commoners more defined, lived in different houses, each class had different forms of speech San Jose Mogote, Monte Alaban, Teo, El Mirador, Monte Alban first city-state, El mirador earliest Mayan city and largest

Term
Classic period 
Definition

Teo, Monte Alban

Mayan Collapse

Term
Post Classic
Definition

New cities begin to arise

Tula

Aztecs (Tenochtitlan)

Spanish arrive

Term
Andean Preceramic
Definition

Origins of agriculture

Development of complex societies

Domestication of llama and guinea pigs

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