Shared Flashcard Set

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Final
final note
98
Management
Undergraduate 2
12/04/2010

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 The Influencing Subsystem

Definition

·         Leading

·         Motivating

·         Considering Groups

·         Communication

·         Encouraging Creativity and Innovation

·         Building Corporate Culture

Term
Input
Definition
people, money, raw materials
Term
Qualities of Emotially Intelligent Managers
Definition

§  Motivate Others

§  Focus on personal and organizational achievements

§  Understand others

§  Communicate efficiently and effectively

§  Lead others

§  Build successful teams

§  Handle conflict appropriately

§  Change organizations appropriate

§  Manage diversity

§  Manage creativity and innovation

Term
Communication Process
Definition

§  The source/encoder

§  The signal

§  The decoder/destination

Term
Communication Process
Definition

§  Source

§  Encoder

§  Signal

§  Decoder

§  Destination

Term
Macro Barriers of Communication
Definition

·         Increasing need for info

·         Need for increasingly complex info

·         Reality that ppl in US are coming in contact with ppl who don’t speak English

·         Constant need to learn new concepts reduces time available for communication

Term
Micro Barriers of Communication
Definition

·         Source’s view of the destination

·         Message interference

o   Other stuff going on

·         Destination’s view of source

·         Perception

·         Multi-meaning words

Term
Achieving communication effectively
Definition

·         Seek to clarify your ideas before communication

·         Examine the true purpose of each communication

·         Consider total physical and human setting whenever you communicate

·         Consult with others, when appropriate, in planning communications

·         Be mindful of the overtones while you communicate

·         Take the opportunity to convey something of help or value

·         Follow up your communication

·         Communicate for tomorrow as well as today

·         Be sure your actions support your communication

·         Seek not only to be understood but also to understand

Term
Importance of Nonverbal communication
Definition

·         Gestures

·         Tone

·         Facial expression

·         Mode of dress, including color

Term

Types of formal organizational communication

Definition

·         Downward

·         Upward

·         Lateral

Term
Grapevine
Definition

§  Sprins up and is used irregulary within the organization

§  Not controlled by top executives

§  Exists largely to serve the self-interests of the people within it

Term

§  Patterns of informal organizational communication

Definition

§  The single-strand

§  The gossip

§  The probability

§  The cluster

Term
10 Commandments of good listening
Definition

·         Stop talking

·         Put the talker at ease

·         Show the talker you want to listen

·         Remove distractions

·         Empathize with the talker

·         Be patient

·         Hold your temper

·         Go easy on argument and criticism

·         Ask questions

·         Stop talking

Term
Leadership
Definition

§  Process of directing behavior of others  toward the accomplishment of objectives

Term

o   Situational Leadership

Definition

§  Leadership style must be appropriately matched to the situation the leader faces it requires a unique combinations of leaders followers, and leadership situations.

Term

o   Trait approach to leadership

Definition

§  Intelligence

§  Scholarship and athletics

§  Emotional maturity and stability

§  Dependability, persistence, drive

§  Socially adept

§  Desire for status and socioeconomics positions 

Term

o   Forces in the manager

Definition

§  Manager’s values

§  Level of confidence in subordinates

§  Personal leadership strengths

§  Tolerance for ambiguity 

Term

o   Transformational leaders

Definition

§  Raise followers’ awareness of organizational issues and their consequences

§  Create a vision of the future organization

§  Build commitment

§  Facilitate organizational changes

Term
6 Ways to Lead Without  Formal Authority
Definition

§  Leading Via energy and initiative

·         dedication

§  Leading Via Idea

·         Creative and imaginative

§  Leading Via Learning

·         Understand new programs

·         “go to” person

§  Leading  through Optimism

·         Takes on the hardest problems

·         Keeps calm and optimistic

§  Leading through Speed

·         Performs faster

§  Leading through Risk

·         Willing to question organizational policies

o   Offers unconventional solutions

§  Despite consequence

Term

§  Encouraging and Leading Creative, Innovative Employees

Definition

·         Make personal commitment open yourself to creative people and contributions from different areas.  Set the example or openness by being creative and imaginative yourself

·         Connect creative people to the entire organization by encouraging meetings between creative individuals and other executives

·         Don’t demand unreasonable loyalty to the organization.  Creative people are often more loyal to n idea than an entity

·         Give creative people constants under which to work, but allow them to move freely within those constraints.

·         Gatorade’s story

·         Be careful when measuring the contributions o creative people – what they have to give often cannot be quantified

·         Trust creative people – it will give them a sense of responsibility and the pressure to do the job right.  Acknowledge your creative sources through your loyalty to them.  

Term

§  Coaching

Definition

·         Relates to ability problems

·         Advice, info, standards related to work performance and work skills

·         Instructs followers to meet organizational challenges

o   Listen closely

o   Give emotional support

o   Show by example

Term
Counseling
Definition

·         Relates to attitude problems

Recognize and address problems involving state of mind, emotions, or personalities

Term

§  Superleadership

Definition

·         Showing others how to lead themselves

o   Creating new leaders

·         Develop followers who are:

o   Productive

o   Work independently

o   Need only minimal supervision

·         Teaches followers to

o   Think on their own

o   Act constructively and independent

o   Eliminate negative beliefs about company and co-workers

Be self-confident and competent

Term

§  Entrepreneurial Leadership

Definition

·         Attitude that the leader is self-employed

o   Acts as if they are playing a critical role

o   Behaves as I they are taking risk of losing money

o   Treat each mistake as if it were a significant error

Term

§  Substitute theory of leadership

Definition

·         At least in some situations with some people in some organizations things seem to get done regardless of the quality of leadership

Term

o   Motivation

Definition

§  The inner stat that causes an individual to behave in a way that ensures the accomplishment of some goal

Term

o   Needs-Goal Theory

Definition

§  Felt needs cause human behavior

§  Individuals feels a need

§  Need is transformed into behavior to reduce felt need

Term

o   Vroom Expectancy Theory

Definition

§  Felt needs cause human behavior and motivation strength depends on an individual’s degree of desire to perform a behavior.

Term

o   Equity Theory

Definition

§  Emphasizes individual’s perceived fairness of an employment situation and how perceived inequities can cause certain behaviors.

§  To try to right inequity (compared with co-workers)

·         Change work to match rewards

·         Ask for raise or take legal action

·         Change perception of own job or equity

·         Quit the job

Term

o   Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Definition

§  In order o satisfaction

·         Self-actualization needs

·         Esteem needs

·         Social needs

·         Security needs

·         Psychological needs

Term

o   Maturity-Immaturity Continuum (Argyis)

Definition

§  Based upon the natural progression humans

§  Passivity to activity

§  Dependence to independence

§  Simple behavior to complex behavior

§  Brief attention spans to lasting interests

§  Subordinate position to equal or superior

§  Lack o self-awareness to control of self

Term

o   Acquired Needs Theory (McClelland)

Definition

§  Need for achievement

·         desire to do something better or more efficient

§  Need for power

·         Desire to control, influence, or be responsible or others

§  Need or affiliation

·         Desire to maintain close, friendly personal relationships

Early life experiences determine which will dominate the personality

Term
Theory X – Theory Y (McGregor
Definition

§  A fundamental belief system

§  Theory X

·         People are passive ,even resistant to change

·         People work little as possible

·         Lack ambition, dislikes responsibility, prefers to be led

·         Self-centered and indifferent to organizational needs

·         Gullible, not very bright, and a ready fool

§  Theory Y

·         People seek meaningful work

·         People are not basically passive or resistant to change

·         There is the potential or development of people

·         People are able to direct behavior toward organizational goals

Term

o   Degree of Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction (Hertzberg)

Definition

§  Hygiene (or Maintenance) factors

·         Expectations, which if not met, will lead to disaffection.

o    The work environment

§  Motivating Factors

·         Items that influence the degree of job satisfaction

o   The work itself

Term

o   Likert’s Management Systems

Definition

§  Lack of confidence or trust in subordinates

§  Condescending master-to-servant

§  Substantial, though not complete, confidence in subordinates

§  Complete trust and confidence in the subordinates.

·         You move to the highlighted

Term
Advantages & Disadvantages of Using Flextime Programs 
Definition

§  Advantages

·         Improved attitude and moral

·         Accommodation of working parents

·         Decreased tardiness

·         Fewer  computing problems

o   Workers can avoided congested streets and highways

·         Accommodation of those who wish to arrive at work before normal workday interruption begin

·         Facilitation of employees scheduling of medical,  dental, and other types of appointments

·         Accommodation of leisure-time activities of employees

·         Decreased absenteeism

·         Decreased turnover

§  Disadvantages

·         Lack of supervision during some hours of work

·         Key people unviable at certain times

·         Understaffing at times

·         Problems of accommodating employees whose output is the input for other employees

·         Employees abuse the flextime program

·         Difficulty in planning work schedules

·         Problem of keeping track of hours worked or accumulated

·         Inability to schedule meetings at convenient times

Inability to coordinate project

Term

o   Committee:

What, Why, Steps

Definition

§  Forma group assigned a specific activity

·         Allows members to exchange activities

·         Generates suggestions and recommendations

·         Develops a new ideas for solving existing problems

·         Assists in development of organizational policies

§  The larger the company higher number of committees

§  Why managers use committees

·         Improve quality of decision making

·         Encourage expression of honest opinions

·         Increase participation in decision making

·         Ensure representation of important groups

§  Procedural Steps for Committees

·         Clearly defined goals in writing

·         Authority should be specific

·         Optimum size is 5-10

·         Select capable chairperson

·         Appoint permanent secretary

·         Agenda and materials before meetings

·         Start and end meetings on time 

Term
Group
Definition

o   any number of people who

§  Interact with one another

§  Are psychologically aware of one another

§  Perceives themselves to be a group

Term

o   Types of groups

Definition

§  Formal groups

·         Established by management

§  Command Group

·         Handles routine tasks

§  Task groups

·         Handles non-routine tasks

o   Often from different parts of the organization

§  Informal groups

·         Interpersonal relations that extend beyond those established by management

o   Interest group

§  Common concern about a specific issue

o   Friendship group

§  Based on personal affiliations

Term
Trust
Definition

§  Belief in the reliance, ability, and integrity of another

§  Trust is the most fundamental ingredient of effective teams

§  Subordinates’ trust their manager is critically low and employee opinion polls indicate that it may well decline further

Term

o   Strategies to Build trust wit teams

Definition

§  Communicate often

§  Show respect

§  Be fair

·         No favorites

§  Be predictable

§  Demonstrate competence

Term

§  Effective Teams

Definition

·         Have interdependent members

·         Help members be more efficient working together than alone

·         Function so that they create their own magnetism

·         Do not always have the same leader

·         Members care for and nature one another

·         Members cheer for and holster the leader and vice versa

·         Have high level of trust among strong members.

Term

o   Small Wins Strategy

Definition

§  Make small, but definite, change

§  Build positive momentum by building series of small wins

§  Learn to be successful and practice how to both manage successes and failures of manageable proportions

§  Learn to take on more complex challenges

Term

o   Three Characteristics

Definition

§  Left-brained and right-brained

·         Left

o   Head

§  Objectives, targets, intended accomplishments

·         Right

o   Heart/emotion

§  metaphors, colorful language, imaginations

§  Interesting

·         What people judge to be interesting may have little to do with trust

·         Vision helps create a new way to view the future and midly challenge current state of things

§  Passion and Principles

·         Grounded in core values in which team members believe and feel passionate

·         Principles in the vision must be personal

o   Passionately involved v committed

o   Awesome products v useful items

Term

§  5 strategies for success – Snow and Mulrooney

Definition

·         Establish a clear, compelling direction

o   Articulate a vision

o   Seek input

·         Create an appropriate structure

o   Set boundaries and rule of conduct

o   Identify expertise and use it

o   Keep competition to minimum

·         Select the right people

o   Expertise

o   Good team members

o   High level of emotional intelligence or empathy

o   Individual integrity

o   Move ahead together once decision is made

·         Support the Team

o   Leadership training and individual coaching

o   Compensation tied to performance

·         Provide opportunities for development

o   Review team performance

o   Modify plan as necessary

Term

o   Attitudes

Definition

§  Predisposition to react to a situation, person, or concept with a particular response

§  Attitudes are internal

Term
3 Primary Components of Attitudes
Definition

§  Cognitive

·         Information and belief about a particular person or object

§  Affective

·         Positive or negative feelings about a person or object

§  Behavioral

·         Intent or desire to behave in a certain way toward a particular person or object

Term

o   Peer Beliefs

Definition

§  A person’s belief that specific individuals or groups think that he or she should or should not perform the behavior and the individuals motivation to the company

Term

o   Process of Perception

Definition

§  Selected stimuli

§  Perception Filters

§  Individual chooses a response to the stimulus

§  Behavior chosen response based on attitudes, norms, past experiences

Term

o   Perceptual Distortions

Definition

§  Stereotype

·         Fixed, distorted generalization

§  Halo Effect

·         Allowing one aspect of one’s behavior to influence evaluation of all other aspects of that person’s behavior

§  Projection

·         Unconscious tendency to assign one’s own traits, motives, beliefs, and attitudes to others

§  Attributions

·         Overestimating internal causes and underestimating external causes of other’s behavior

§  Self-Serving Bias

·         “attribution” related to one’s own behavior

Term

o   Operant Learning

Definition

§  Behavior leading to positive consequences is more likely to be repeated

Term

o   Cognitive Learning

Definition

§  Focuses on thought process and assumes that human beings have a high capacity to act in a purposeful manner, and to choose behaviors that will enable them to achieve long-run goals

§  It is the basis for “goal-setting” strategies and has become the most widely applied learning theory in the business world

Term

§  The importance of Organizational Culture

Definition

·         Enhance organizational productivity

·         Component of strategy

·         Rationale for staffing

·         Guide operational decisions

Term

 

o   Establishing a vision of organization change

 

Definition

 

§  Quality dimension

·         Product dose what it is supposed to

§  Ethic dimension

·         Good for the company and others

·         Social entrepreneurship

§  Innovation dimension

·         Application of new ideas

§  Spirituality dimension

·         Acceptance of spirituality

·         Not just of one denomination

§  Diversity dimension

·         Differences are good

§  Customer dimension

·         Stories about cultural ideas 

 

Term

o   Cultural Ideas 

Definition

§  Values:  beliefs leading to emotional investment

§  Organizational myths:  story illustrating cultural ideal – Steve Jobs

§  Organizational Sagas:  heroic stories – Bill Gates

§  Organizational language:  Members of the Cast-Disney

Term

§  Building and maintain organization culture through artifacts

Definition

·         Organizational symbols:  objects with value

o   Ronald McDonald

·         Organizational ceremonies:  formal activities

o   Opening new stores

o   Service awards

·         Organizational Rewards:  tailored to behavior

o   Bonuses

o   Verbal Recognition 

Term

§  Organization Socialization

Definition

·         Integrating new employees into the organizational cultural

Term

§  Possible Process of Socialization

Definition

·         Recruit new employees

·         Provide initial work experiences

·         Provide role models

·         Define informal organization

·         Evaluate cultural fit

Term

§  Defining Creativity

Definition

·         Ability to generate ideas or new perspective on existing ideas

o   Idea must be useful and actionable

o   Must have desirable impact on organizational goals

o   Positive impact or productivity, communication, coordination, or quality

o   Essential to organizational success 

Term

·         To encourage creativity in organizations, managers can

Definition

o   Challenge workers

o   Challenge worker autonomy

o   afford time for accomplishing work

o   establish diverse work groups

o   personally encourage workers

o   establish systems support

o   hire and retain creative people

Term

§  Individual Creativity

Definition

·         Expertise

o   Everything an individual knows and can do in his/her work

·         Creative thinking

o   Capacity to put existing ideas together in new combinations

·         Motivation

o   Individual’s need or passion to be creative

§  felt need to be creative

Term

§  Innovation

Definition

o   Applying the idea

Term

·         The innovation process

Definition

o   Step one

§  Technology ideas

§  Product ideas

§  Process ideas

§  Management ideas

o   Step 2

§  Developing

o   Step 3

§  Diffusing

o   Step 4

§  Integrating

o   Step 5

§  Monitoring 

Term

§  Quality

Definition

·         How well a product or service dose what it’s supposed to do

Term

·         Total Quality Management TQM

Definition

o   Continuous process

o   Involves all organizational members

o   Examines every activity

Term

·         The importance of quality

Definition

o   Positive corporate image

o   Lower costs and higher market share

Decreased product liability costs

Term

o   Control

Definition

§  Making something happen the way it was planned to happen

§  Planning and control are virtually inseparable functions

A plan is only as good as our ability to make it happen 

Term

§  Measures performance

Definition

·         Create a baseline:  first, measure current organizational performance

·         Position for the future:  determine what must be done to make the organization more effective and efficient

·         How to measure

o   Establish units of measure that represents performance (auto produced, hours billed, patients discharged)

o   Determine the number of units which are appropriate to the job

·         What to measure

o   Note:  there may be a wide range of organizational activities which can be measures.  Choose those which are most meaningful.

o   Examples:  inventory (amounts, types), quality of both goods and services

·         There are relative degrees of difficulty in measuring various types of organizational performance.

o   Consumer perception of product quality V. number of items sold

Term

o   Standard

Definition

§  Level of activity established to serve as a model for evaluating organizational performance

Term

·         Symptom

Definition

o   A sign that a problem exists

Term

·         Controller

Definition

o   The staff person with basic responsibility to assist line managers with controlling function by gathering appropriate info and generating necessary reports the reflect this info

o   Not the same as the CFO

Term

·         Power

Definition

o   The extent to which an individual is able to influence others so that they respond to orders

Term

o   Position power

Definition

§  Power derived from the organizational position a manager holds

Term

o   Personal Power

Definition

§  The power derived from a manager’s relationships with others

Term

o   Total Power

Definition

§  The entire amount of power an individual possess in an organization

§  (position power + personal power)

Term

o   Lame Duck

Definition

§  an elected official still in office but not slated to continue

§  Currently Congress

Term

·         Cost Benefit Analysis

Definition

o   Comparing the costs and revenue from an activity to determine the activity’s total worth to the organization.  

Term

o   Productivity = Outputs/Inputs

Definition

§  Outputs

·         Goods/services produced

·         Inputs

o   Resources of production

§  People, raw materials, money, etc.

·         The higher the ratio of outputs to inputs , the higher the productivity

Term

o   Strategies for increasing productivity

Definition

§  Improve workforce through training

§  Automation

§  Improve production design

§  Improve production facility

§  Hire/retain quality workers

Term

·         Quality

Definition

o   The extent to which a product reliably dose what it is intended to do

Term

·         Quality Assurance QA

Definition

o   An operations process involving a broad group of activities aimed a achieving the organization’s quality objectives. 

Term

·         Operations Management “Opps”

Definition

o   Managerial activities of selecting, designing, operating, controlling and updating production systems

o   Manager

§  People who get things done by working with or through other people

o   Within the context of objectives and policies that drive the organizations strategic plan 

Term

·         Capacity Strategy

Definition

o   Operational plan to provide the right facilities to produce the needed output at the right time

§  Insufficient capacity = loss sales

§  Excess capacity = higher production costs

Term

·         Effectiveness

Definition

o   Doing the right things

Term

·         Efficiency

Definition

o   Doing things right

Term

·         Just-In-Time inventory control JIT

Definition

o   Techniques for reducing inventories to a minimum by arranging for production components to be delivered to the production facility “just in time” to be used           

Same concept applies to retailers 

Term

·         Zero-Based budget

Definition
Justifying entire budget, rather basing on prior years’ budgets
Term

·         Variable Budget

Definition

o   Resources to be used according to production level

Term

·         Cost

Definition

o   Fixed Cost

§  Expenses incurred regardless of production

o   Variable costs

§  Expenses that fluctuates with production

o   Total cost

Fixed Cost + Variable Cost

Term

·         Revenue / Income

Definition

o   Total Revenue

§  Income from sales of g and s

o   Profit

§  Total revenue exceeds total costs

o   Loss

§  Total costs exceed total revenue

o   Breakeven

§  Revenue and costs are equal 

Term

·         Data

Definition

o   Frame your questions carefully

§  Specific focus or problem

§  Time period

§  Comparative population 

Term

·         MIS

Definition

o   Management information system

§  Network established within an organization to provide managers with information to assist them in decision making

o   To provide selected decision-oriented information needed to plan, control, and evaluate activities of the corporation

Term
Type A
Definition
Type A is competitive, prompt for appointments, dose things quickly, and always feels rushed.
Term
Type B
Definition
Type B is relaxed, takes one thing at a time, and expresses his or her feelings.
Term
Myth 1:  Leadership and Management are the same dynamic
Definition
As Andrea R. Price says, "A leader is someone who others voluntarilt follow, but not because he or she has a title of CEO."  Leadership is about the relationships and Management is about the process.  Managers follow and execute the process as where Leaders create the vision and rally people around it. 
Term
Myth 2:  Having a big title (CEO, CFO, VP) makes you a leader.
Definition
The Corporate world has titles, but within the corporations, those titles do not necessarily hold leadership.  Both Myth 1 and Myth 2 work together, for they both end with the same statement, leaders and manager, or big titled positions are not the same.  
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