Term
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Definition
| a word that differs only in the opposite value of a single important feature |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 fluent in 2 languages. uses 2 languages on a daily basis |
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Definition
| meaning unit that cannot occur alone but must be joined to a free morpheme; generally includes grammatical tags or markers that are Ch. 1 derivational or inflectional. ex. of derivational: -ly, -er, or -ment. ex. of inflectional: -ed or -s |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 process of varying between 2 or more languages or dialects. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of encoding, transmitting and Ch. 1 decoding signals in order to exchange information and ideas between the participants |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 degree of success in communicating, measured by the appropriateness and effectiveness of the message |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 notion that only on dialect of a language is inherently correct or standard and that others are substandard or exhibit some deficit |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 subcategory of parent language that uses similar but not identical rules |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 native speaker's underlying knowledge of the rules for generating and understanding conventional linguistic forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 actual language use, reflection linguistic competence and the communication constraints |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 smallest unit of meaning; indivisible without dividing the meaning or producing meaningless units. Free morphemes, bound morphemes |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 aspect of a language concerned with rules governing change in meaning at the intraword level |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 coding devices that contribute to communication but are not a part of speech. ex. body gestures, posture, eye contact, facial expressions, physical distance |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 vocal and non vocal codes that are superimposed on a linguistic code to signal the speaker's attitude or emotion or to clarify or provide additional meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 smallest linguistic unit of sound, each with distinctive features that can signal a difference in meaning when modified |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 aspect of language concerned with language use within a communication context |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 situationally influenced language variations (motherese) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 constraints of specific word meanings that govern the possible word combinations |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 perceptual or functional aspects of meaning that characterize a word |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 aspect of language concerned with rules governing the meaning or content of words or grammatical units |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 considers all dialectal variations to be related to each other and to the idealized standard. each dialect is a valid rule system and non is better than any other |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 dynamic neuromuscular process of producing speech sounds for communications; a verbal means of transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 paralinguistic mechanisms superimposed on the verbal signal to change the form and meaning of the sentence by acting across the elements or segments of that sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 the process of varying the style of talking used. switching between formal and informal |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 word that shares the same or similar meaning with another word |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 organizational rules specifying word order, sentence organization, and word relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 casual, informal, or intimate language register or style |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 verbal word or symbol definitions |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 1 autobiographical and experiential understanding and memory of events reflecting personal and cultural interpretations |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 2 adult speech adapted for use when talking with children |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 2 linguistic theory that argues that children learn language from their environment one construction at a time versus rule learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 2 assumes that children are able to acquire language because the are born with innate rules or principles related to structures of human languages |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 2 views language as a structure arising from existing interacting patterns in the brain rather that from language-specific structures |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 2 see generative approach |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 3 association area of the brain responsible for linguistic processing, especially word recall |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 3 white, fibrous tract of mostly axons and dendrites underlying the angular gyrus. language is transmitted through this from the Wernicke's area to the Broca's area |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 3 cortical area of the left frontal lobe of the brain responsible for detailing and coordinating the programming of speech movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 3 portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 3 main transverse tract of neurons running between the two hemispheres of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 3 outermost layer of the brain, made up of neuron cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 3 the self-regulatory aspect of writing that enables a writer to plan, write according to the plan, and proofread and revise as needed |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 3 area located in the auditory cortex of each hemisphere of the brain that receives incoming auditory signals from the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 3 theoretical model of brain function that stresses methods of employed in dealing with information |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 process of reorganizing cognitive structures or schemes or creating new schemes in response to external stimuli that do not fit into any available scheme |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 process by which an organism adapts to the environment; occurs as a result of two complementary processes, assimilation and accommodation |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 process by which external stimuli are incorporated into existing cognitive structures or schemes |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 long strings of sound that children begin to produce at about 4 months of age |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 immediate, whole or partial vocal imitation of another speaker; beginning at 8 months |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 state of cognitive balance or harmony between incoming stimuli and cognitive structures |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 vowel-like sounds that are fully resonant laryngeal tones |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 over time, with repeated exposure, organisms react less strongly to successive presentation |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch 4 use of repetition or rehearsal to transfer information to long-term memory. information processing concept. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 strings of unintelligible speech sounds with the intonational pattern of adult speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 complex organizational webs that link concepts within the cognitive systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 process of maturation of the nervous system in which the nerves develop a protective myelin sheath, or sleeve. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 tendency for all living things to systemize or organize behaviors |
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Term
| phonetically consistent forms |
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Definition
| Ch. 4 consistent vocal patterns that accompany gestures prior to the appearance of words |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 phonemes, phoneme combinations, and syllable structures typical of the native language and noticed by young children |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 the likelihood of phonemes appearing together and/or in certain locations in words |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 partial resonance of speech sounds found in neonates |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 long strings of consonant-vowel syllable repetitions. 6-7 month infants |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 automatic, involuntary motor patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 process of maintaining information within long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 cognitive, conceptual structure used for comparison with incoming sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 developmental period that varies for each perceptual and cognitive area during which the brain is more receptive to specific environmental input |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 a burst in synaptic growth that occurs at 8-10 months of age and is noted in changes in both a child's perception and production of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 long strips of non-identical syllables that appear in the vocal play of some 8-10 month olds |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 process of breaking a speech stream into analyzable units by detecting end points or divisions through the use of intonational cues |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 process of breaking a speech stream into analyzable units based on predictability of syllables and phoneme structures |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 purpose of an utterance to gain information, request permission, or provide information |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 shared action sequence of mother and child, often routines. provide bases for many scripts |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 eye contact with a communication partner; used to signal intensified attention |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 vocal interactions between mothers and infants that resemble the verbal exchanges of more mature conversations |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 differentiation of one entity from many; noting the presence of a single object, action, or even for one's communication partner |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 scaffolding or predictable structure of an event that provides "slots" for participation and aids comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 4 infant's smile in response to external social stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 5 process of breaking a speech stream into analyzable units by detecting end points or divisions through the use of intonational cues |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 5 process of breaking a speech stream into analyzable units based on predictability of syllables and phoneme structures |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 5 purpose of an utterance to gain information, request permission, or provide information |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 5 shared action sequence of mother and child, often routines. provide basis for many scripts |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 5 eye contact with a communication partner; used to signal intensified attention |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 5 vocal interactions between mothers and infants that resemble the verbal exchanges of more mature conversations |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 5 differentiation of one entity from many; noting the presence of a single object, action, or event for one's communication partner |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 5 scaffolding or predictable structure of an event that provides "slots" for participation and aids comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 5 infant's smile in response to external social stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 a pattern finding technique that accounts for how children create abstract syntactic constructions from concrete pieces of language by understanding the relationship across schemes |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 process of learning language in which the child uses what he/she knows to decode more language |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 request for clarification, such as "what?" or "huh?" |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 a pattern finding technique that accounts for how children confine abstractions about language by doing something in the same way successfully several times, thus making it habitual |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 toddler language learning strategy in which a child names an entity and awaits adult evaluation of correctness |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 adult's more mature version of a child utterance that preserves the word order of the original child utterance |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 adult's semantically related comment on a topic established by a child |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 memorized verbal routine or un-analyzed chunk of language used in everyday conversation |
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Term
| hypothesis-testing utterances |
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Definition
| Ch. 6 toddler language-learning strategy in which the child seeks confirmationof the name of an entity by naming it with rising intonation, thus posing a yes/no question |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 a uniquely human social cognitive skill used in understanding language behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 toddler language-learning strategy in which the child attempts to learn the name of an entity by asking "what?" "that?" or "wassat?". not like adult-like interrogative sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 style of talking used most often by white middle-class American mothers when addressing their 18- to 24-month-old toddlers |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 a cognitive skill humans share with other primates that enables us to find common threads in disparate information, such as seeking underlying rules for language |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 adult recasting of a child utterance that makes it grammatically correct, adds new information, or changes the form |
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Term
| request for clarification |
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Definition
| Ch. 6 request from the listener for restatement of or additional information on some unclear utterance of the speaker |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 pattern-finding technique that accounts for how children create abstract syntactic constructions from concrete pieces of language they have heard by forming schemes or concepts for specific functions and individual words to fulfill the slots in each |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 toddler language-learning strategy in which the child imitates those language features that he or she is in the process of learning. Toddlers do not imitate randomly |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 6 conversational device used by a mother with a preschooler to maintain the conversation and aid the child in making on-topic comments. usually consists of a comment on or reply to the child's utterance followed by a cue, such as a question, for the child to reply |
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Term
| associative complex complex hypotheses |
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Definition
| Ch. 7 theory that each example of a meaning category shares something with a core concept. vygotskyan concept. ex. common elements in meaning of pants, shirt, shoes, hat - clothing |
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Term
| consonant cluster reduction |
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Definition
| Ch. 7 phonological process seen in preschool children in which one or more consonants are deleted from a cluster of two or more in order to simplify production |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 quick, sketchy, and tentative formation of a link between a particular referent and a new name that enables a child to have access to and use the word in an immediate although somewhat limited way. meaning of the referent widens as the word is feed from aspects of the initial concept |
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Term
| functional-core hypothesis |
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Definition
| Ch. 7 theory that word meanings represent dynamic relationships, such as actions of functional uses, rather than static perceptual traits. concept associated with nelson |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 early one-word utterances that convey a holistic communicative intention |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 two-word utterances seemingly based on word-order rules with specific rules influenced by how a child has heard a particular word being used |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 individual dictionary of each person containing words and the underlying concepts of each. dynamic, changing with experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 the number of possible words that differ by one phoneme and a factor characteristic in shaping a child's emerging lexical system |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 syllable (usually CV) ending in a vowel |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 middle ear infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 process in which a child applies a word's meaning to more exemplars than an adult would. the child's definition is too broad and thus beyond adult acceptable usage |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 the likelihood of phonemes appearing together and/or in certain locations in words |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 two-word utterances in which one word or phrase, such as "want" or "more", seems to structure the utterance by determining the intent of the utterance as a whole, such as a demand. in many of these early utterances one event-word is used with a wide variety of object labels: "more juice" |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 process of assuming which information a listener possesses or may need |
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Term
| prototypic complex hypothesis |
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Definition
| Ch. 7 theory that word meanings represent an underlying concept that is exemplified by a central referent, or prototype, that is a best exemplar or a composite of the concept |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 phonological process in which child repeats on syllable in a multisyllabic word |
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Term
| semantic feature hypothesis |
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Definition
| Ch. 7 theory that word meanings represent universal semantic features or attributes, such as animate/inanimate and male/female. associated with clark |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 process in which a child applies a word meaning to fewer exemplars than an adult would. the child's definition is too restrictive and more limited than in adult usage |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 7 two-word utterance consisting of roughly equivalent words that divide an experience into multiple units |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 semantic case characterized by causing action. ex. DADDY is fixing my bike |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 grammatical mechanism that notifies the listener that the speaker is referring to a previous reference |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 one member of a word class used to the exclusion of all others. "a" or "he" |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 the linking of entities in a narrative to form a story nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 narrative form consisting of entities in a narrative to form a story nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 process of using the speaker's perspective as a reference |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 conversational device of omitting redundant information |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 set of event sequences including the events, relationships, and relative significance |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 variable use of members of a word class without consideration of different meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 transitional system in which a person uses rules from two or more languages simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 consists of self-generated story; familiar tale; retelling a movie, television show, or previously hear story; and personal experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 overall organization of a narrative |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 semantic case characterized as those for whom the action is performed. ex. give the flowers to MOMMY |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 situationally influenced language variations such as motherese |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 meaning category or class used in constructing and comprehending language |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 8 shared focus of a conversation that may contain one or more topics |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 9 the dynamics of an event, noted by the verb, relative to the event's completion, repetition, or continuing duration |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 9 form of the verb "to be" as a main verb. signifies a relationship between the subject and a predicate adjective or another noun |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 9 process of inserting a vowel sound where none is required |
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Term
| mean length of utterance (MLU) |
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Definition
| Ch. 9 average number of morphemes per utterance |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 9 auxilary or helping verb used to express mood or attitude, such as ability (can), permission (may), intention (will), possibility (might), and obligation (must) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 9 group of words that does not contain a subject or predicate and is used as a noun substitute or as a noun or verb modifier |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 9 sounds produced by forcing air through a narrow constriction formed by the tongue and palate. turbulence creates a hissing sound |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 9 a marking of the verb, such as past or future, that relates the speech time in the present to the event time when the event occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 a type of narrative in which the speaker relates a past experience in which the listener did not share |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 process of moving from one-dimensional description of entities and events coordinated multiattributional ones |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 a type of narrative that explains some current or anticipated event. often accompany the play of young children |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 pertaining to the use of language knowledge to make decisions about and to discuss process of language |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 amount of literal-figurative relationship. strong relationships = easy interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 term used to refer to changes in sound productions related to meaning changes |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 ability to take another persons perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 type of narrative that relates Ch. 10 past experiences of which the child and the listener partook, observed, or read |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 type of narrative, fictionalized |
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Term
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Definition
| Ch. 10 narrative framework that specifies the underlying relationship of the story components |
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