HBO (home box office) est 1972

in 1975 HBO began distributing movies by satellite as "premium cable"

offering high quality content and began to erode network broadcasters' profits

the FCC made it possible for MSO's to host other satellite networks such as HBO, Showtime and Cinemax

- Video on Deman (VOD)

- One Click Shopping

- Local Info on Demand

- Program/Program Guise Interactivity

- goal oriented (to sell products)

- invested - not cheap

- concise - short

- using many encoded codes

- freedom and creativity

3000 BC: Babylonian merchants hired barkers to shout out goods and prices at passerbys

By 15th century, siquis-pinup want ads for all sorts of products and services

1625 - first newsbook containing ads, The Weekly News in England

- between the Civil War and WWI ads became more creative and expensive

- 1869: F. Wayland Ayer began N.W. Ayer: a "full service" advertising agency

- number of leading ad agencies and publishers mounted a crusade against misleading acts

early tv shows - single sponsered

1959 = Quiz show scandal = multiple sponsors

1965 - every tv ad was 60 seconds

1914 - Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

1971 - The National Advertising Review Board (NARB)

- it lies outright

- does not tell the whole truth

- lies by implication, words, design, etc..

- intrusive

- deceptive

- exploits children (40,000 TV ads per year)

- demeans and corrupts culture

--AIDA approach - attention, creative interest, stimulate desire, and promote action

--Consumer culture - personal worth and identity reside not in ourselves but in the products wit which we surrond ourselves

- helps gather info

- supports economy

- increases national productivity

- ad revenues make the free mass media possible

- State owned media (China)

- Audience sponsored media - public broadcasting

- Commercial sponsored media (Network TV)

Cost per thousand (CPM) - the cost of reaching 1,000 audience members

-$60,000 for 1 million ppl

CPM = $60

cost per person = 60,000/1,000,000 = .06

CPM = $.06 x 1,000 = $60

ad - sell prodcut

pr - maintain relationship with public

ad - rely on mass media and the media needs ads

pr - relies on media, but not all the time

Pseudo event

Stage 1

- corporate PR

- 1889: Westinghouse Electric - 1st PR department

- Ad agencies began PR services

- 1906: Publicity Bureau helped the railroad undustry challenge federal regulations

Stage 2

- WWI: Pres Wilson recognized the need for PR in support of war effort

- 1930's: FD Roosevelt began PR campaign to win support for New Deal policies

Stage 3

- Post-WWII US - social change and expansion of consumer culture

- organizations need to know what their clients were thinking, liked, and what concerned and satisfied them

- PR = integrated two-way comn, employing research, ads, and promotion

foreign ownership and in reach of PR firms operations into foreign countries (Trans-National Corps, Cultural differences)

- the intensification of global interaction

- time and space compression, crossing gro-political/national-cultural boundaries, etc

- media = a very important part of globalization

- colonial powers

- military

- traders/business

- religion

- emerged from the darkest shadows of political conflict

- operating from inside of the region - indigenous stations

- radio stations operating from the outide are exogenous stations

- pirate broadcasters - commercial -- illegall operated stations broadcasted to british audiences from offshore of foreign facilities

1940: Voice of America (VOA) - to counter-enemy propaganda and disseminate information about US

BBC World Service - UK augmented its colonial broadcast

1957: Soviets Sputnik

1962: US - AT&Ts Telstar 1 - Congress established the Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT)

- JFK - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT)

1982: INTELSATs system became large; began offering TV full-time leases

1. Western concept = Many european tvs must limit ads and increase public affairs and news in exchange for their broadcast licenses

2. Development concept = media must assist in beneficial development of the country

3. Revolutionary concept = no country officially embraces this as a normative theory, yet a nations mass media can serve the goals of a revolution

4. Authoritarian systems = media serve the govt

- diminishing local media/cultural production

- english over local languages

- western media alter social learning and shared memories

- money flow

contents = Libel and Slander, sexually explicit materials, fairness doctrine, copyright, ads, war reporting

structure = broadcast license, technology, media ownership (ex: Telecommunications Act)

- government regulation of media must be unobtrusive and sufficiently justified

- media's self-regulation must be sufficiently effective to render official restraint unnecessary

- media practitioner's conduct should be ethical to warrant this special protection

Ad hoc balancing of interests

Libel – false and malicious publication that damages a person’s reputation

Slander – oral/spoken defamation of a person’s character

  Prior restraint

   The government’s power to prevent the publication or broadcast of expression

granting ownership of given piece of expression

- once expires, if the creator doesn't renew it, material passes into public domain

- fair use - instances when material can be used w/o permission or payment

- internet - rethinking of copyright

- shield laws - protects reporters rights to maintain sources confidentiality in courts of law

-Iraq raised the question of embedding reporters - accepting military control over their output in exchange for close contact with troops

- truth and honesty

transmission of a message from a source to a receiver

- must be sharing of meaning

- message and response feedback

1. who

2. says what

3. through which channels

4. to whom

5. with what effect

transformed into understandable sign and symbol system

- once received, message is decoded and the signs/symbols are interpreted

carried by a medium

learned behavior of members of a given social group

we learn culture through comn and the media

limits our options and provides guidelines for behavior

dominant culture is usually challenged by alternative culture

oral/preliterate culture

ideogrammatic writing - chinese

alphabet - sound

syllable alphabet

writing brough uniformity, long distance and recording of memory

printing press - 1446

the bible drove the printing press

DVR, Hulu

the ability to access any content anytime anywhere

movie attendence is flat

album sales decrease

major tv networks possess only 55% of viewing audience

media consumption is at an all time high

ownership of the media outlets by larger non-media company

(GE owns MSNBC)

AOL time warner

Random house

Clear Channel

Disney-ABC, General Electric-NBC

News Corp - Fox

SONY

relative cost of an operations output declines as the size of the endeavor grows

ex: it costs money to make a movie but does not cost much to distribute and make copies of it

the use by the media corp of as many channels of delivery as possible for similar content

media can sell well if a company has book, magazine, film, music, tv, etc...

-lack of diverse content globally

-"safe" contents

-price goes up

-more commercially driven contents

-medias watchdog role decreases - watching against illegal or unethical content

oreos on tv

coke cups on american idol

brands are part of and are essential to the program

ex: camero from transformers

the news is real

ads are supposed to tell the truth

children confront the world through tv = the early window of social learning

news is not entertainment

even if media are for recreation, it is important to the way we devleop our knowledge of ourselves and the world

explanations of social phenomena that attempt to relate mass comn to our personal and cultural lives

not one single theory