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| The campaign in the 50s by the National Denim Council to put kids back in jeans. |
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| The communication strategy conducted by a person, government, or organization attempting to reach and persuade an audience to adopt a point of view. |
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| Those who sought to advance a client's image through media exposure, primarily via stunts staged for newspapers. |
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| Phineas Taylor Barnum was the most notorious press agent in the 1800s who used gross exaggeration, fradulent stories, and staged events to secure newspaper coverage for his clients, his American Museum, and later his circus. |
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| William F. Cody's self promoted show "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World". Had 9 press agents headed by John Burke who headed the show for all 34 years. |
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| A type of PR communication that uses various media messages to spread information about a person, corporation, issue, or policy to elevate entertainment culture to an international level. |
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| First lobyists were from railroad companies; bribes deheading (giving reporters free rail passes with the tacit understanding that they would write glwoing reports about rail travel); lead to the Interstate Commerce Act of 1881 which made railroads change their rate classifications, raise rates, and eliminate fare reductions. |
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| Opened one of the first PR firms in the early 1900s; worked for John D. Rockefeller, transportation companies, and Charles Lindbergh. |
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| Controlled 90% of the nation's oil industry by 1880. |
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| Rockefeller's company that had bad publicity. |
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| Strike by miners in Ludlow, Colorado where 53 workers and their family members including 13 women and children died. |
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| Worked for the American Tobacco Company and promoted Lucky Strike Cigarettes with green ads for women; Partnered with his wife Doris Fleischman; |
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| The term reporters use to refer to PR agents. |
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| Friction Between PR and Journalism |
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| Journalism relies on PR; PR steals talent from journalism firms; PR needs journalism for publicity; Journalism needs PR for story ideas. |
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| Rupert Murdoch & Newscorp |
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| Started in 1952 and is now the world's 3rd largest media company. Murdoch is from Australia and also started Fox. |
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| American Tobacco Campaign |
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| Made smoking Lucky Strike cigarettes publicly acceptable through campaigns in the 1920s by appealing to women. |
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| Doris Fleischman began women in PR through her pamphlet "Contact". Was one of the first professions easily accessible to women who chose to work outside the home. |
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| Public Relations Society of America |
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| Public Relations Students Society of America |
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| 1,900 companies are PR firms but most are under a few holding companies that own a majority of the market. Two of the largest PR agencies are Burson-Marsteller and Hill&Knowlton generated part of the $1.28 billion in PR revenue for their parent corporation which is the WPP Group. |
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| Communication strategically placed to gain public support. |
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| 30-90 second visual press releases designed to mimic the style of a broadcast news report. |
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| Public Service Announcement (PSA) |
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| 15-60 second reports that promote government programs, educated projects, volunteer agencies, or social reform. |
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| Raise the profile of corporate, organizational, or government clients. |
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| Any circumstance created just to gain media coverage. |
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| Influencing lawmakers to support & vote for an organization or industry's best interest. |
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| Phony grassroots public-affairs campaigns engineered by PR firms. |
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| Using the production, manufacturing, and labor of other countries to make American brand-name products. |
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| Made a stand against sweatshops in their company. |
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| 1989 oil spill in Alaska that cost $2 Billion to clean up the 11 million gallons; slow to respond publicly and showed bad PR. |
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| 1982 tampering with Tylenol bottles resulting in sickness in Chicago; reacted fast with anti-tampering seals showing good PR. |
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| One company dominates production and distribution in a certain market. |
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| Largest media company in the world that owns hundreds of small cable monopolies on the local level; Purchased Turner Broadcasting in 1995 for $7.5 billion; AOL purchased Time Warner for $106 billion making it the largest media merger in history at the time. |
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| Spun off CBS as a separate company even though CBS is still owned by Viacom stockholders. |
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| Newspaper business that owns small monopolies throughout cities across the country. |
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| Many producers and sellers within a market that only has one category to choose from. |
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| Media products supported mainly by consumers |
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| Media products supported mainly by advertisements. |
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| Economies of Sale Principle |
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| Increasing production levels to reduce the cost of each product. |
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| Transition to Information Economy |
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| During the industrial age when production was decentralized, internalized, and provided lower-paid service work. Emphasized information distribution and retrieval as well as transitional economic cooperation. Started mass media production and consolidation. |
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| Deregulation Trumps Regulation |
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| Entrepreneurs created monopolies in their respective industries during the rise of industry in the 19th century. |
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| 1890 Act outlawing monopoly practice and corporate trusts that fixed prices to force competitors out of business. |
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| 1914 Act prohibiting manufacturers from selling only to dealers who agree to reject rival products. |
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| 1950 Act that further strengthened antitrust rules by limiting any corporate mergers and joint ventures that reduced competition. |
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| Laws enforced by Federal Trade Commission and antitrust division of the Department of Justice |
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| Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
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| Lifted most restrictions on how many radio and TV stations one company can own and also allowed companies to venture into many forms of mass media. |
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| 2nd biggest media company; acquired ABC for $19 billion; First feature film was Snow White in 1937 |
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| AT&T combined with Comcast making a sort of monopoly in the cable industry. |
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| a tendency to emphasize the new the fleeting and the contingent in modern life rather than the more solid values implanted; the new economy relies on cheap labor and quick high-volume sales to offset the costs of making so many niche products for specialized markets. |
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| 80-90% of new consumer and media products typically fail so a flexible economy has demanded rapid product development and efficient market research; manufacturers found ways to cut costs of labor and started exporting labor so they did not have to deal with unions, and in turn the union workers began to pull out of the union to keep their jobs. |
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| a euphemism for laying off workings to make companies more productive, more competitive, and more flexible. |
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| American styles in fashion and food, as well as media fare, dominate the global market. |
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| The acceptance of the dominant values in a culture by those who are subordinate to those who hold economic and political power. |
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| The magazine, radio, and cable industries sought specialized markets both in the United States and overseas. |
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| Targeting affluent 18-34 year old viewers whose buying habits were not as stable or predictable as those of older consumers. |
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| The promotion and sale of different versions of a media product across the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate. |
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| Most media companies diversify among different media products, never fully dominating a particular media industry. |
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| Most media monopolies today operate locally and have local monopolies that are only small percentages of the national scale of the market. |
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| Attempts to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media on individuals and society. |
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| 1994 movie that spawned a 1995 killing spree in Louisiana by an 18-year-old girl and her boyfriend. |
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| Students from Columbine High School killed 12 students and a teacher in 1999, and it was later said that they were influenced by Marilyn Manson's lyrics and first person shooters. |
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| April 2007 a student killed 32 people and himself in praise of the Columbine killers. He sent videos and photos of himself to NBC. |
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| This research approach focuses on how people make meaning, apprehend reality, articulate values, and order experience through their use of cultural symbols. |
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| Liberty and the News called on journalists to operate more like scientific researchers in gathering and analyzing factual material. Also published Public Opinion which applied psychology to journalism. |
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| A way to find out if propaganda is positive or negative. |
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| Citizen surveys on current events. |
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| call in, online, or person-in-the-street polls that the news media use to address a "question of the day". |
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| Suggest that the media shoot their potent effects directly into unsuspecting victims. |
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| Media alone cannot cause people to change their attitudes and behaviors. |
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| Selective Exposure and Selective Retention |
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| People expose themselves to the media message that are most familiar to them, and they retain the messages that confirm the values and attitudes they already hold. |
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| Uses and Gratifications Model |
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| Researchers studied the ways in which people use the media to satisfy various emotional or intellectual needs. Most questions were asked why we do things. |
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| Collecting and measuring data taken from a group of respondents. |
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| A systematic method of coding and measuring media content. |
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| Social Learning Theory (ARMM) |
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| A four step process: Attention-The subject must attend to the media and witness a behavior. Retention-The subject must retain the memory for later retrieval. Motor Reproduction-The subject must be able to physically imitate the behavior. Motivation-There must be a social reward or reinforcement to encourage modeling of the behavior. |
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| The idea that when the mass media focus their attention on particular events or issues, they determine the major topics of discussion for individuals in society. |
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| Heavy viewing of television leads individuals to perceive the world in ways that are consistent with television portrayals. |
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| Those who believe that their views on controversial issues are in the minority will keep their views to themselves. You become silent from fear of social isolation. |
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| Highlights the close reading and interpretation of cultural message, including those found in books, movies, and TV programs. |
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| The press functions as this unofficial branch of government that monitors the legislative, judicial, and executive branch for abuses of power. |
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| The courts and government cannot block any publication or speech before it actually occurs. |
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| Daniel Ellsberg stole a copy of the 47 volume report "History of the U.S. Decision-Making Process on Vietnam Policy". Newspaper won 6-3. |
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| Progressive Magazine Case |
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| 1979 when an injunction was issued to block publication of the Progressive, a national left wing magazine. First prior restraint order. |
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| Charles T. Schenk was convicted for distributing leaflets urging American men to protest the draft. |
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| Legally protects the rights of authors and producers to their published or unpublished writing, music, lyrics, TV programs, movies, or graphic art design. Lasts for 14 years. |
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| After a copyright period the public has free access to a work if the copyright is not renewed. |
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| Written defamation of character. |
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| Spoken defamation of character. |
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| New York Times vs Sullivan 1964 |
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| The reporter or editor knew a statement was false and printed or broadcast it anyway. |
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| A protection against libel in reporting on court cases. |
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| Granted to prosecutors during a court case. |
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| A defense against libel which states that libel applies only to intentional misstatements of factual information rather than opinion, and which therefore protects said opinion. |
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| expression that is not protected as speech if these three legal tests are all met: (1) the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material as a whole appeals to prurient interest; (2) the material depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; (3)the material, as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. |
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| 1973 case which stated that to qualify as obscenity, the material must meet the three criteria stated in the definition of obscenity. |
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| A person's right to be left alone, without his or her name, image, or daily activities becoming public property. |
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| Legal restrictions prohibiting the press from releasing preliminary information that might prejudice jury selection. |
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| Laws protecting the confidentiality of key interview subjects and reporters' rights not to reveal the sources of controversial information used in news stories. |
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| Spent 85 days in jail for refusing to testify about her confidential sources in connection with leaked identity of CIA operative Valerie Plame. |
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| First black heavyweight boxing champion whose win resulted in race riots and led to a ban on the interstate transportation of boxing films. |
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| Actress Virginia Rappe died after attending his party and he was arrested on counts of rape and manslaughter. He was not found guilty but all of his movies were banned from Hollywood. |
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| Motion Picture Production Code |
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| Code in the 1930s that stated no picture shall be produced which will lower the moral standards of those who see it. Hence the sympathy of the audience shall never be thrown to the side of crime, wrong-doing, evil or sin. |
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| Officially Burstyn v. Wilson, in 1952 the distributor of the movie "Il Miracolo" (The Miracle) for banning the film. The Supreme Court sided with the movie stating that movies are a significant medium for the communication of ideas. The film review board was also considered unconstitutional. |
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| Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and Film Ratings |
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| Ratings were implemented in 1968 as G, PG, R, and X. PG-13 was added in 1984. X was done away with between 1972 and 1989, and in 1990 NC-17 was started and patented. |
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| Inspired by Joseph McCarthy and produced by a group of former FBI agents. Named 151 performers, writers, and musicians who were sympathetic to communist or left wing causes. |
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| Red Lion Broadcasting Co. vs FCC |
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| 1969 court case where a small-town radio station in Red Lion refused to give airtime to Fred Cook. Cook was verbally attacked on-air, and when he asked for air-time to appeal he was told he can only purchase it. He then appealed to the FCC and won the case. |
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| Miami Herald Publishing Co. vs Tornillo |
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| Pat Tornillo Jr. requested space to reply to an editorial opposing his candidacy and was denied. The courts ruled in favor of the newspaper. |
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| Profanity after the fact which is punishable by law. |
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| Mae West & Charlie McCarthy |
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| In 1937 NBC was scolded for running this sketch between an actress and a dummy. NBC banned the actress from further radio appearances. |
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| A section in the 1934 Communications Act which mandates that during elections broadcast stations must provide equal opportunities and response time for qualified political candidates. |
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| In 1987 the FCC ruled that required radio stations to engage in controversial issue programs that affected their communities and provide competing points of view when offering such programming. |
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| Ban on Smoking Commercials |
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| Tobacco companies would rather just not have smoking commercials than have anti-smoking commercials. |
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