Term
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Definition
| Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are due to a subject's time of birth or generation, but not age. |
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Term
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Definition
| The setting in which development occurs that is influences by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The goal is to describe the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A range of characteristis rooted in cultural heritage, including nationality, race, religion and language. |
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Term
| Normative History-graded Influences |
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Definition
| Biological and environmental influences that are associated with history. These influences are common to people of a particular generation. |
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Term
| Non-normative Life Events |
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Definition
| Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a person's life. The occurrence, pattern, and sequence of these events are not applicable to many individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding development. |
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Term
| Socio-emotional Processes |
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Definition
| Changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the conceptual grouping of people with similar occupational, education, and economic characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uniform procedures are followed for administration and scoring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in an individual's physical nature. |
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Term
| Normative Age-graded Influences |
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Definition
| Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sample of fluid from the placenta is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosome or metabolic disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A widely used assessment of the newborn's health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation, caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment. |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) |
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Definition
| A cluster of abnormalities that appears in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects such as Spina Bifida and Down Syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development. |
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Term
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Definition
| The way an individual's genetic potential is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A noninvasive prenatal medical procedure in which high-frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piagetian concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piagetian concept of using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs from top to bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how a motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor skills that involve more precisely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased responsiveness to stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to reproduce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing. |
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Term
| Language Acquisition Device |
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Definition
| Chomsky's term that describes a biological endowment enabling the child to detect the features and rules of language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Piagetian term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot be directly seen, heard, or touched. |
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Term
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Definition
| The interpretation of what is being sensed by the sensory receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, actions, or mental representations that organize knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| A close emotional bond between two people. |
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Term
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Definition
| The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope. |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the mother (caregiver). |
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Term
| Insecure Disorganized Babies |
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Definition
| Babies who show disorientation; fearful, dazed, or confused behavior. |
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Term
| Insecure Resistant Babies |
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Definition
| Babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. |
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Term
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Definition
| The abilities to crawl, walk, and rule and explore, which increases the baby's expanding social world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Socialization that is bidirectional, from parents to children to children to parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding. |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual lacks perspective regarding himself and his importance and roles in the social world. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the brain that is the seat of emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent refusal to eat, accompanied by an irrational fear of being overweight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease in which people alternate between binge eating, periods when they eat uncontrollably, and purging through self-induced vomiting or with laxatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| To location where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sex glands - the testes in males and the ovaries in females. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the higher portion of the brain that monitors eating and sex. |
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Term
| Hypothetical-deductive Reasoning |
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Definition
| Adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adolescents' feeling that their behavior is constantly being watched and judged by others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lack of consideration of logical consequences and feelings that laws of mortality do not apply to oneself, but only to others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A girl's first menstuation |
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Term
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Definition
| Adolescent's sense that his feelings are unique and have never been experienced by others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of endocrine system that controls growth and regulates other glands, including the gonads. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of physical changes that marks the onset of adolescence such as growth of breasts or testes and the growth spurt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Circumstances of moving from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle or junior high school. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marcia's term for adolescents who have explored alternative identities and are now secure in their chosen path. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small group that can form on similar interests and activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marcia's term for the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in forming an identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marcia's term for a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring the alternative. |
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Term
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Definition
| A larger group structure, in which group members may or may not actually spend much time together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marcia's term for adolescents who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enduring basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marcia's term for adolescents who have made a commitment, but have not experienced a crisis. |
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Term
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Definition
| An adolescent who still exploring different alternatives and have yet to find a satisfactory identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups within the same society. Cultural difference are maintained and appreciated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from childhood to adulthood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Marcia's term for adolescents who still exploring different alternatives and have yet to find a satisfactory identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sustained exercise that stimulates heart and lung activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness. |
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Term
| Date or Acquaintance Rape |
|
Definition
| Coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the perpetrator is at least casually acquainted. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transition from adolescence to adulthood that involves experimentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexist remarks or behavior based on stereotypes of the sexes, including making sexist jokes, displaying nude photographs, and making comments about another's body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Level to which women and minorities may rise in a company, but beyond which they may not go. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought characterized by the realization that the correct answer may vary from situation to situation, that problem solutions must be realistic, that most situations are ambiguous, and that emotion and other subjective factors are an important part of thought. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An attempt to force sexual compliance in exchange for workplace benefits or threats of punishment. |
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Term
| Unwanted Sexual Attention |
|
Definition
| Sexual conduct that can be either verbal or nonverbal and that is unwanted by the victim and creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment. |
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Term
| Affectionate Love (Companionate Love) |
|
Definition
| An individual has a deep, caring bond with the other person. |
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Term
| Avoidant Attachment Style |
|
Definition
| Adults who are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adults who demand closeness, are less trusting and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Living together in a sexual relationship without being married. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fullest form of love; involves passion, intimacy and commitment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Family in which grand-parents and other relatives are included. They may or may not live together. |
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Term
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Definition
| When one person worships another from a distance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The language of conversation; a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Conversation that is designed to give information and includes public speaking. |
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Term
| Romantic Love (Passionate Love) |
|
Definition
| Strong sexual and infatuation components; often predominates in the early part of a relationship. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adults who have a positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned or stressed about their romantic relationships. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sharing of private thoughts; the hallmark of intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| The midlife transition in which fertility declines. |
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Term
| Crystallized Intelligence |
|
Definition
| Accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle age. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to reason abstractly, which steadily declines from middle adulthood on. |
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Term
| Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) |
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Definition
| Augments the declining levels of reproductive hormone production by the ovaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Discretionary activity that includes simple relaxation, and activities for enjoyment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological adjustment men must make when they are faced with declining physical energy and with family and work pressures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete cessation of menstruation, which usually occurs in the late forties or early fifties. |
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Term
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Definition
| The supportive relationships in which individuals are connected to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluation of a situation to determine whether it exceeds a person’s resources and is, therefore, stressful. |
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Term
| Cumulative Personality Model |
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Definition
| States that with time and age, people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote the stability of personality. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A term used to indicate a decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave home. |
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Term
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Definition
| Being productive by helping others to ensure the continuation of society by guiding the next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle-aged adults between two generations (parents and children) that puts demands and pressures on them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Self-absorption" - develops when individuals sense that they have done little or nothing for the next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hard-driving, aggressive personality; at greater risk for heart disease and hypertension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low-key personality; tends to be calm and easy-going |
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Term
|
Definition
| A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the joints that is accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Involve a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted |
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Term
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Definition
| A global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state. |
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Term
| Evolutionary Theory of Aging |
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Definition
| Natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults. |
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Term
|
Definition
| People age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by the buildup of fluid in the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory without conscious recollection involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year. |
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Term
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Definition
| The upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years an individual can live. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that involved deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Knowledge about the world - including a person's fields of expertise, and general knowledge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| State of readiness to detect and respond to small changes occurring at random times in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters; involves both mind and virtue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prejudice against other people because of their age, particularly against teenagers and older adults. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Volunteerism and other behaviors to benefit others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been well spent. |
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Term
| Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory |
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Definition
| Sucsuccessful aging occurs when people produce new resources and allocate them effectively, or maintain performance through continued practice and the use of new technologies. |
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Term
| Socioemotional Selectivity Theory |
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Definition
| Older adults become more selective about their social networks; they spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Death induced deliberately, as by injecting a lethal dose of a drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the interface between human values and technological advances in health and life sciences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurological definition when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specific period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enduring despair that is still unresolved over an extended period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the fact that people are very uncomfortable thinking about their own deaths. |
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Term
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Definition
| A program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Culturally approved ways in which people express their grief. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves reducing pain and suffering and emphasizes helping individuals die with dignity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Witholding of available treatments, such as life-sustaining devices, allowing the person to die. |
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Term
| Persistent Vegetative State |
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Definition
| A person’s cortical functioning ceases while brainstem activity continues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Piaget's theory, awareness that altering an object's appearance or presentation does not change its basic properties. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inability to distinguish between one perspective and someone else's. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Units of meaning involved in word formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The axons are coated and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Piaget's term for internalized sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sound system of a language, including the sounds used and how they may be combined. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The appropriate use of language in different contexts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Piaget's second stage, in which children begin to represent the world with words, images, and symbolic though; magical beliefs are constructed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The meaning of words and sentences. |
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Term
| Social Constructivist Approach |
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Definition
| Theories (most prominently Vygotsky's) that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and that knowledge is mutually built. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event or other aspect of the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others. |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development |
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Definition
| Vygotsky's term for the distance between tasks too difficult for children to master alone, but that can be mastered with assistance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions with little verbal exchange or parental warmth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Parenting style in which parents encourage their children to become independent, but still place limits and controls on their actions, with warmth and nurturance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When children engage in self-regulated creation or construction of a product or problem solution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act and feel. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gender typing emerges as children gradually develop conceptions of what is gender-appropriate in their culture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Parents are highly involved with their children, but place few demands or controls on them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The parent is very uninvolved in the child's life; associated with children's social incompetence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when mastery and coordination of skills are required. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exploratory and playful visual motor transactions. |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Theory of Gender |
|
Definition
| Children's gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments related to gender-related behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A relatively mid autism disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems and a restricted range of interests and relationships. |
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Term
| Autism Spectrum Disorders |
|
Definition
| Characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests. |
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Term
| Cultural-familial Retardation |
|
Definition
| Retardation characterized by no evidence of organic brain damage, but the individual's IQ generally is between 50 and 70. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A severe impairment in the ability to read and spell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An individual has difficulty mastering one or more academic subjects, but is of normal intelligence, with no impairment of sensory modalities. |
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Term
| Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) |
|
Definition
| Concept that a child with a disability must be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Knowledge about language, such as the ability to discuss the sounds of a language. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mental retardation that involves some physical damage and is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The concrete operation that involved ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions. |
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Term
| Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. |
|
Definition
| Sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of analytical, creative and practical intelligence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moral perspective that focuses on people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal relationships and concern for others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sense that when I do something, make or create something, it will be effective and I will be competent |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sense that when I do something, make or create something, I will probably fail or be unsuccessful. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An action or behavior intended to help or benefit another without personal gain, such as sharing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Domain specific evaluations of the self. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The global evaluative dimension of the self; also referred to a self worth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors. |
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