Term
| Acting out and boundary testing are time-honored ways in which adolescents move toward accepting, rather than rejecting, parental values. |
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Definition
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Term
| The official end of childhood is usually marked by a single, sudden event, such as a boy's wet dream or a girl's starting menarche. |
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Definition
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Term
| Although it is often assumed that girls have more negative body images than boys do, recent research shows that boys actually have much lower opinions of their own bodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Early-maturing girls are often more easily lured into problem behaviors such as drinking and smoking than are late-maturing girls. |
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Definition
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Term
| By the end of the teenage years (age 19), virtually every adolescent has had sexual intercourse. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low SES adolescents are more likely to be sexually active and to be come pregnant. |
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Definition
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Term
| Although teens in the US are no more sexually active than their counterparts in other industrialized nations, they have a significantly higher pregnancy rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Children born to teenage mothers are likely to have lower achievement test scores and more behavioral problems than children of adult mothers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Even though teenagers who have achieved formal operational thought engage in hypothetical-deductive reasoning, they fail to understand the relation between a hypothesis and a well-chosen test of it, stubbornly clinging to ideas that have already been discounted. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Even though adolescents often progress to being able to think critically and solve problems, the majority of eleventh-graders still do not exhibit thinking and often show biased reasoning. |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, boys and girls both have high self-esteem in childhood, but as adolescence approaches, girls' self-esteem drops considerably lower than that of boys. |
|
Definition
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Term
| Erikson stated that adolescents enter a psychological moratorium, which means that during adolescence, people are unable to really think about issues of psychological importance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Recent research confirms Erikson's idea that adolescents experience an abrupt, dramatic shift called an identity crisis. |
|
Definition
| BAD QUESTION: Given answer: True. Real Answer: False |
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Term
| A family atmosphere that limits individuality and emphasizes connectedness is important in the adolescent's identity development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Researchers advise that parents should clamp down and demand conformity from their adolescents in order to prevent teens from performing risky behaviors or becoming out of control. |
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Definition
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Term
| Parent-adolescent conflict is more likely to focus on chores and clothing choices than on major or serious life issues. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adolescents are often members of formal and heterogeneous groups. |
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Definition
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Term
| Parent-adolescent relationships are more positive if the teen lives at home while attending college, because it strengthens the attachment bond. |
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Definition
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Term
| Because of escalating juvenile crime rates, we must try adolescent offenders as adults in order to deter them. |
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Definition
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Term
| Erikson argued that delinquent behavior is an attempt to establish an identity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Emerging adulthood is a developmental stage that captures the lengthy transition from adolescence to adulthood. |
|
Definition
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Term
| The markers of adult status tend to be universal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most college students experience some level of depression when leaving home and subsequently have pessimistic beliefs about their future health risks |
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Definition
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Term
| Emerging adults have more than twice the mortality rate of adolescents. |
|
Definition
| BAD QUESTION!!!! Given Answer: False Real Answer: True |
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Term
| Experts recommend that we engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise on most days of the week. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Some researchers believe that once you develop fat cells, they do not go away. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nicotine, the active drug in cigarettes, is addictive because it serves as a tranquilizer which allows people to relax and better deal with stress. |
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Definition
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Term
| Research shows that homosexual people have a very different type of physiological response during sexual arousal than do heterosexual people. |
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Definition
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Term
| Female rape victims often have sexual problems after the rape such as reduced sexual desire and an inability to reach orgasm. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Working at a full-time job during college is related to being a more mature, responsible student who obtains good grades and graduates on time. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The stability of personality traits appears to be more consistent if we measure people over longer time intervals. |
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Definition
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Term
| The likelihood that childhood temperament is related to adulthood personality often depends on intervening variables such as a child's peer relationships. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Secure attachments in childhood are often related to the security of one's adult romantic relationships, even 20 years later. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Because of the strong link between childhood attachment quality and attachment in adult relationships, it is virtually impossible for adults to revise or change their attachment styles later in life. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Erikson describes intimacy as finding yourself and losing yourself in another person at the same time. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Adult friendships usually come from the same age group. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cohabitation is seen as a universal precursor to marriage. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Every marriage has problems. However, the most successful married couples solve their common problems and get them out of the way early in the relationship. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Women and men's communication problems with each other often stem from the fact that women do not like to engage in rapport talk. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Relationships between cohabitating partners tend to be more egalitarian than relationships between married partners. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hair becomes thinner and grayer with increasing age because of a decline in collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “Sarcopenia” refers to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. This is a normal part of middle adulthood development, and, unfortunately, exercise cannot reduce this loss. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In middle age, individuals begin to have trouble viewing objects far in the distance which forces them to wear glasses or contacts. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The sleep problems commonly encountered by middle-aged people can be reduced by losing weight. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The most common chronic disorders are heart disease for men and arthritis for women. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Health status in middle age is strongly impacted by increases in chronic disease. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Most women today become severely depressed after experiencing menopause. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Testosterone therapy does not relieve men’s lower sex drive in middle age. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| One of the side effects of taking Viagra to increase sexual performance is seeing blue. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Research shows that taking regular vacations can lengthen your life expectance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Although the concept of generativity makes intuitive sense, research has not supported
its importance for midlife development. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Recent research suggests that the struggle for identity does not end after adolescence. Rather, it continues throughout the other stages of Erikson’s theory (intimacy and generativity). |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Levinson’s theory emphasizes that success at midlife involves accepting both sides of polar struggles (such as being destructive vs. constructive) as being part of one’s self. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When comparing middle-aged adults to young adults, research shows that middle-agers experience more overload stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Older adults experience more stress than both middle-aged and young adults. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Although women do face pressure to remain young, recent research shows that the 50’s are considered to be the prime of life for many middle-aged women. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If adult children return home, it usually works out best when parents lay the ground rules and children live by them. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| During middle adulthood, people show a decreased level of interest in friendships. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Although most siblings fight a lot during childhood, during adulthood, siblings develop extremely close relationships. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Younger grandparents are more likely to show the fun-seeking style of grandparenting than the formal style. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The three main reasons that grandparents are now raising their grandchildren include drug use by their own children, a sense of loss for the time they did not spend with their own children, and a desire to be generative after retirement. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The US boasts the highest life expectancy at birth today. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gender disparity according to longevity is particularly evident in people older than 85 of whom 70% are female. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Recent research suggests that overeating helps destroy free radicals by flooding the cells with carbohydrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Free-radical decay is thought to be one of the causes of aging which happens when oxidative damage occurs in the cell. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Physical activity can increase brain volume in older adults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because loss of muscle mass is a normal part of the aging process, exercise cannot slow down this process. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When elderly adults in nursing homes were given more control over their daily lives, they felt happier and died sooner because there were finally at peace. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Older people’s sustained attention abilities do not decline with age. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Because implicit memories are hidden so much deeper below the cognitive surface, they are more likely to be forgotten than are explicit memories. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Although intelligence centers on practical knowledge systems and solving everyday problems, research suggests that wisdom comes only when one has found a spiritual center and can help others. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Erikson would argue that for a life review to end positively, an older adult must have completed early stages of adult development positively as well. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Research suggests that because older adults’ lives are somewhat empty, it is beneficial for them to spend most of their time thinking about the joys of their past. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When older adults engage in more “solitary” activities, they are happier and function better than do older adults who engage in “productive” activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As people get older and their children move on, they have fewer needs to reach emotional goals and strive more to reach knowledge goals before the end of life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seniors tend to have more positive and balanced emotional lives than do younger adults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of selective optimization with compensation is more likely to be effective when a person has experienced some form of loss in his or her life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Being pessimistic has no effect on longevity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Older adults are more satisfied with their marriages than are young and middle-aged adults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volunteering in older adulthood is associated with a number of positive health and social outcomes. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Older adults tend to report closer relationships with adult daughters compared to sons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain death from a neurological perspective includes having no heartbeat or respiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The difference between being in a coma and being brain dead is that a comatose person may recover and still shows electrical activity in the brain. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| As with hospitals, the goal of hospices is to prolong life. The difference is that hospice care occurs at home. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kubler-Ross’s stage called “depression” is so severe that when dying people experience it, we should try at all costs to cheer them up and help them see the positive side of what remains of their lives. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Although individual reactions to a diagnosis of terminal illness may vary widely, research suggests that denial is never a positive response style. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Experts suggest that when conversing with a dying person, we focus not on preparation for death but on the strength of the individual and preparing mentally for the remainder of life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grieving is best conceived of as a flexibly defined response to death based on whatever is considered appropriate within a cultural context. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studies on widows show that they decline financially when their spouse dies. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cremation is more popular in Canada and Japan than in the US where only 20% of bodies are cremated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complicated grief typically involves enduring despair that is still unresolved after an extended period of time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the preschool period, the brain increases in size because of increases in the number and size of the nerve endings within and between brain areas. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Research has shown that children's cognitive development can be directly linked to certain brain structures and specific neurotransmitters. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Although what children eat does affect their body shape and growth, there is no evidence that it affects children’s susceptibility to developing diseases. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Children as young as 5 years of age are now at risk for obesity-related diseases such as diabetes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When children are in the preoperational period of Piaget’s theory, they cannot mentally think about things without acting them out. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A child is exhibiting centration when she reports that witches are real and are hiding in her closet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development, the lower level of the zone is where the child can solve problems independently. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For Vygotsky, private speech is immature and egocentric, but for Piaget, it serves as a valuable tool of thought. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While children’s memories about peripheral details are quite suggestible, they tend to accurately remember the central aspects of an event. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, when trying to remember things, young children tend to be fairly good at using strategies such as rehearsal and organization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the period of initiative versus guilt, children begin to increase the size of their social world and explore new experiences. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Young children’s self-descriptions are typically negative and limited due to their lack of social experiences. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In social role theory, power and status differentials throughout history are used to explain current gender differences found in most societies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fathers are likely to treat boys and girls similarly, whereas mothers are likely to treat sons and daughters very differently. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical punishment is harmful for all children, regardless of what ethnic background they come from or where they live. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although spanking has some consequences for children’s development, it remains one of the most effective parenting techniques. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We cannot assume that all children would benefit from receiving extra time and attention from stay-at-home parents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nature of parents’ work can have an important impact on a child’s development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research shows that children who have no siblings tend to be spoiled and self-centered. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children find play very entertaining and fun, but it serves no real developmental purpose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Owing to better medical technology, the incidence of cancer in children is decreasing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elementary school children are more fatigued by long periods of sitting than by engaging in physical activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although ADHD can be devastating for children diagnosed with the disorder, most children grow out of it by the end of adolescence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although medication is widely prescribed for children with ADHD, research shows that the most effective treatment involves medication in combination with behavior management. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regard to education for children with disabilities, the term “inclusion” means that these children should be included in regular classrooms whenever possible, such as during physical education or art classes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research has found considerable cross-cultural support for the timing of the cognitive milestones proposed by Piaget. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Young children tend to overestimate their memory abilities, but children in middle and late childhood have more realistic evaluations of their memory skills. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even though ethnic differences in IQ have been found, when minorities are given equal opportunities, educational interventions, or more enriched homes, the ethnic differences in IQ scores become minimal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In evaluations of the whole-language vs. the phonics approach to reading, research confirmed that phonics is the best approach when teaching children to read, but that whole-language has benefits as well. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Research shows that bilingualism gets in the way of cognitive development because students spend too much cognitive energy on keeping their two languages straight. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| [9:30:07 PM] Rigbutt: During middle and late childhood, children increasingly define themselves in terms of external characteristics such as appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with high self-esteem are prone to being both aggressive bullies and helping other children who are being bullied. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Self-esteem refers to domain-specific evaluations of oneself. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kohlberg believed that parents had relatively little effect on children’s moral development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parents play a large role in influencing children’s sharing behaviors, but children pay
virtually no attention to their peers’ bid for sharing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is important to foster prosocial behavior early on because research shows that it is stable from early childhood to early adulthood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In studies of prosocial behavior, research shows that although males and females are equally kind and considerate, females show significantly greater levels of sharing than do males. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research shows that establishing a new stepfamily while the child is experiencing puberty may be especially difficult. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research shows that conflict-ridden friendships are excellent for children’s development in that the children learn to sacrifice their own needs for the desires of another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constructivist teachers tend to construct high expectations for students and provide lots of direction and control over their students’ activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasticity means the ability to move from one developmental stage to another while remaining in the same age range. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonnormative life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, and nurture refers to the physiological changes that occur throughout the lifespan. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Albert Bandura's theory focuses heavily on the role of observational learning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brofenbrenner's theory is the study of animal behavior as animals live in their natural habitat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A important contribution of Bronfenbrenner's theory is an emphasis on a range of social contexts beyond the family. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Correlational research describes the relationship between events or characteristics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The importance of correlational data is that is pinpoints the specific causes of behavior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An independent variable is a manipulated, influential experimental factor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The longitudinal approach is a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Informed consent is not an important ethical concern if the university research oversight committee is effective. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Random assignment is an important principle in experimentation because it insures that all subjects are of the same age and demographic group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skinner's theory of behaviorism includes the importance of rewards and punishment in shaping behavior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vygotsky's theory is one of language acquisition that involves a careful analysis of information processing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Piaget's theory suggests that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary psychologists argue that if a behavior exist today, it has evolved and continues to exist because it is adaptive for us. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Women have twice the likelihood of having a sex-linked genetic abnormality, because they have twice as many X chromosomes as men. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The genetic abnormality called PKU (Phenylketonuria) is a good example of how a person’s genetic inheritance for a certain disorder inecitably leads to that disorder’s developing later on in the person’s life. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Teratogens such as alcohol and exposure to radiation have devastating effects at all periods of prenatal development. The timing of exposure to harmful influences such as these would not alter their influence on the baby. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some fetuses are genetically more susceptible to the effects of teratogens than are others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The shortest of the three stages of childbirth is the afterbirth stage, when the placenta is expelled. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We define low-birthweight infants as those weighing less than 5.5 pounds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low birthweight children tend to have learning problems in infancy, but they usually catch up and have no adverse effects once they enter school. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kangaroo care is beneficial for pretern infants and is now being recommended for full-term infants as well. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Postpartum depression is a serious problem experience by over half of new mothers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early motor behaviors always develop in a cephalocaudal pattern. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By the second year of life, infants’ rate of growth increases dramatically. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The infants’ brain areas do not mature uniformly; some develop earlier than others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because newborns take several short naps throughout the day, they never fully fall into REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the dynamic systems view, universal milestones such as crawling and walking are caused solely by maturation of the nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The development of gross motor skills requires postural control. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Piaget emphasized the idea that simply knowing more information allows a child to progress to the next stage of development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Habituation measurements are used to assess infant perception and memory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a clear consensus among researchers now that newborns are capable of imitating others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because babies who are in the cooing stage of language development cannot communicate by speaking, they often use gestures such as pointing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is very difficult for blind children who have never seen a person smile to experience the emotions of joy and happiness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The initial phase of infant attachment to parents is based on early emotional interchanges, whether positive or negative. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensitive, responsive parents are essential for helping an infant grow emotionally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before 6 months of age, stranger anxiety if fairly mild, but by 8 months it has reached its peak and begins to decline, and by 1 year of age, it is usually gone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kagan’s research has shown that because it is a biological trait, children’s behavioral inhibitions rarely, if ever, become more moderate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research shows that children may learn to modify their temperament to a certain degree. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process. Without being fed consistently by the caregiver, the infant will not attach to that caregiver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an infant to be classified as insecure-disorganized, there must be certain behaviors present such as extreme fearfulness of the caregiver, avoidance, and/or resistance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When states enact policies that improve child-care worker training and reduce child-staff ratios, we see higher cognitive and social competence in children. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extensive child-care experiences tend to weaken the influence of families on children. |
|
Definition
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|
