• vermis- central part
• hemispheres- right and left on each side of vermis
• anterior lobe- area above primary fissure
• posterior lobe- area between primary fissure and horizontal fissure
• floccular lobe- area below horizontal fissure

• damage to lateral hemispheres of cerebellum
• limb ataxia, hypotonia, hypoflexia

1. How many synapses are there? (chain order)
2. degree of decussation
3. projects to which area of the thalamus?
4. projects to what area of the cortex?
5. does the cortex show "topical" organization?
6. modification of sensory coding?

• locate object vs. background
• detect movement
• detect color

• aperture- pupil constricts and dilates depending on light
• lens- focuses the image onto the retina
• iris- color of the eye
• retina-3 layers of cells

1. photoreceptors- rods and cones
2. bipolar cells
3. ganglion cells- axons are the optic nerve

• rods-
• cones-

• circular shape with ring-shape surrounding, on inside circle increases firing, offin ring decreases firing.

1. photoreceptors
2. bipolar cells
3. ganglion cells
4. optic nerve
5. optic chiasma
6. optic tract
7. lateral geniculate body
8. optic radiations
9. primary visual area in occipital lobe

• both occipital lobes are injured, unable to process visual information
• may still recognize movement and sudden flashes of light due to information going to the midbrain

• dorsal- information about where an object is (parietal association cortex)
• ventral- information about what an object is (extrastriate cortex of occipital lobe)

• damage to visual association areas of the occipital lobe causes disturbances in visual recognition

• apperceptive visual agnosia
• associative visual agnosia
• prosopagnosia
• simultanagnosia
• color agnosia

• can recognize elements, but can't apply meaning to them.
• can copy

• difficulty recognizing the individuality in faces
• may not even recognize own face

• damage to the optic chiasma
• only see what was obtained from the lateral hemiretinas 

• damage to one optic tract
• -results in loss of vision in the nasal hemiretina of the ipsilateral side, and the lateral hemiretina of the contralateral side

damage to part of the optic radiations

• loss in the a quadrant of the eye

• controlled by oculomotor nerve
• moves eye down

• controlled by the oculomotor nerve
• moves the eye up

• controlled by the abducens nerve
• moves the eye towards ear

• controlled by the oculomotor nerve
• moves the eye towards the nose

• controlled by the trochlear nerve
• rotates the eye towards the nose

• controlled by the oculomotor nerve
• rotates the eye away from the nose

• tracked the real movement of the eye. Depending on the questions asked about a picture, the eyes moved to different places
• most attention to the eyes, nose and mouth of faces

• found below the corpus callosum
• related with olfactory processing
• damage can cause olfactory hallucinations

• executive dysfuntion
• aphasia
• acalculia
• agnosia
• apraxia
• spatial disturbances
• constructional disturbances
• amnesia
• dementia

• damage to prefrontal area
• impairment of abstract reasoning, hypothesis testing, behavior, morality, ethical behaviors, metacognition
• First case- Phineas Gage

• impairment of language comprehension or production due to brain pathology
• Broca's aphasia
• Wernicke's aphasia
• conduction aphasia

• difficulty with speech production (Broca's area is in the frontal lobe!)
• non fluent speech
• poor repetition and naming
• good comprehension

• difficulty with word recognition
• fluent speech
• poor comprehension, repetition and naming

• acquired inability to perform mathematical computations
• damage to posterior part of the parietal lobe

• inability to recognize people or objects even when basic sensory modalities are intact
• visual agnosia
• auditory agnosia
• somatosensory agnosia

• inability to recognize specific sounds in the context of intact hearing
• pure word deafness
• cortical deafness
• amusia

inability to recognize music

right temporal damage

• difficulty perceiving objects though basic tactile sensation is intact
• may be able to draw and recognize object, but not through sensory information.
• due to lesions in the somatosensory area

• disturbances in movements
• inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or paresis
• kinetic apraxia
• ideomotor apraxia
• ideational apraxia

• due to damage in the frontal lobe
• cannot make fine motor movements but can make gross motor movements

• damage in the parietal lobe
• difficulty sequencing and executing movements
• buccofacial apraxia
• oral apraxia
• limb apraxia
• axial apraxia

• due to damage in the parietal lobe
• cannot perform a series of acts, although they may be able to perform the individual components

• damage in the right hemisphere ofthe posterior paretal and parietal occipital areas
• affects left hemisphere

• hemineglect 
• inability to attend to what is contralateral to the side of the damage
• can perceive sensory information, but behave as if it does not exist.
• entire spatial array is compressed into the spatial portion of the intact side
• Balint Sydrome

• associated with spatial disturbances, results from the injury of both parietal occipital lobes
• 3 cardinal symptoms
• paralysis of gaze- cannot scan visual field
• optic ataxia- difficulty coordination eye movements
• simultanagnosia

• difficulties assembling two and three dimensional objects
• difficulty drawing to verbal commands and copying

• non-declarative
• memories that we are not aware of
• skills and habits

• declarative memory
• memories that we are aware of

• encoding
• storage
• retrieval

• deficit in learning subsequent to the onset of the disorder
• cannot remember anything after the incident

• impaired intellectual functioning that interferes with normal activities and relationships.
• do be considered dementia, needs to have memory loss plus something else such as language disturbance,lack of visual perception skills, executive dysfuntions

• disorder affecting the cerebral cortex
• typically show severe memory loss plus other defects in cognition
• alzheimer's disease

• results from dysfunction in the basal ganglia
• tend to show changes in their personalities and attention span and thinking slows down

alzheimer's disease

• general atrophy of the lobes
• represent 60% of dementias

• genetic condition that affects the caudate nucleus, personality changes, alfter long evolution is associated with dementia

• frequent condition in 10-40 population.
• results from a traumatic event

• a region of the brain located below the thalamus
• regulates body temp, hunger, thirst and circadian cycles
• controls pituitary gland
• part of the diencephalon
• mamillary body part of hypothalamus

• wraps around the brain stem beneath the cerebral cortex
• major center for emotion formation and processing

• cingulate gyrus
• hippocampus
• amygdala
• fornix

• involved in long-term memory storage and formation
• connected to the amygdala
• damage leads to loss of memory
• HM- pure anterograde amnesia

• associated with forming complex emotional responses
• agression
• fear
• defense mechanisms
• emotional learning

A. Cut in optic nerve- completely blind in that eye

B. cut in optic chiasma- Bitemporal hemianopia

C. cut in optic tract- homonomous hemianopia

D. cut in part of optic radiations- quadrantanopia

E. cut through all optic radiations- scotoma

• cortical demetia
• subcortical dementia

• detect light not color
• much more abundant
• 120 million
• found in the periphery of the retina
• low activation threshhold

• detect color
• less abundant
• 6 million
• high activation threshhold
• found mostly in the central part of the retina