Shared Flashcard Set

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Final Test
Unit 4
59
Social Studies
12th Grade
12/15/2012

Additional Social Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Political agenda 
Definition
issues that people believe require governmental action
Term
Majoritarian Politics 
Definition
distributed costs/distributed benefits
Term
Interest Group Politics 
Definition

concentrated costs/concentrated costs

Term
Client Politics 
Definition
concentrated benefits/distributed costs
Term
Entrepreneurial Politics 
Definition
distributed benefits/concentrated costs
Term
Logrolling
Definition

a legislator supports a proposal favored by another in return for support of his or hers

Term
Libel 
Definition
writing that falsely injures another person
Term
Slander
Definition
Untrue spoken statements that defame the character of a person
Term
Rally Round the Flag 
Definition

When society looks to President to help them during times of war or terrorism or crisis

Term
War Powers Act  
Definition

They tried to limit the Presidents power to send troops abroad

Term
14th Amendment 
Definition

- “equal protection clause”

a.       Reasonableness standard – different treatment must be reasonable and not arbitrary

b.      Strict scrutiny

Term
Racial profiling
Definition
targeting a person based on their race (law enforcement and airport security
Term
Affirmative Action 
Definition
programs designed to increase minority participation
Term
Reverse Discrimination 
Definition
using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people
Term
Equality of Opportunity
Definition
giving people an equal chance to succeed
Term
Institutions with increasing effect on political agenda (3) 
Definition
the courts, Senate, and the bureaucracy
Term

Forces that effect the legitimacy of political agenda (4)

Definition

    (1.) Shared political beliefs

    (2.) The weight and custom of tradition

    (3.) The impact of events

    (4.) Changes in the way elites think and talk about politics

Term
Reasons economic power dominates political power (3)
Definition

   1.       Wealth can buy influence

    2.       Politicians and business leaders have similar beliefs

    3.       Elected officials must defer to business leaders to keep the economy healthy

Term
Ralph Nader
Definition
policy entrepreneur
Term

Reasons why liberties become a major issue (3)

Definition

                                I.            There may be rights in conflict

                              II.            Passions may be inflamed by policy entrepreneur

                            III.            Political culture contains principles that conflict with one another

Term
Symbolic speech
Definition

-- an act that conveys a political message

a.        burning/ (Texas v. Johnson, 1989)/ Burning your draft card

Term
National Security Council
Definition

- created by statue

a.       By law: President, Vice-President, Sec. of State, & Defense

b.      By custom: Director of National Intelligence (Clapper), Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff (Martin Demcy), & Attorney General (Eric Holder)

Term

Two Reasons for Expansion of U.S. Foreign Policy

Definition

a.       President put foreign policy at the top of the political agenda

b.      Policy shaped by different agencies

Term

Importance of 9/11 for U.S. Foreign Policy (6 Questions)

Definition

               1.       How can America wage war in remote nations that harbor terrorists?

          2.       If terrorists are sheltered or supported by nations that are otherwise friendly to the U.S., what should we do about these countries?

            3.       Should the U.S. allow other nations to wage war against terrorists or should we try to mediate?

       4.       How can the military be designed to fight small, long lasting wars against terrorists?

       5.       Do we support any nation that goes along with us, or only the ones that relatively free and democratic?

         6.       Are we the world’s policeman?

Term

*Change in warfare after fall of communism and 9/11

Definition

     ·         Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Sept. 11th attacks the U.S. is no longer fighting an ideology or nation, it is fighting small entities all over the world. [Bipolar (U.S. and China in power) and Unipolar (Only U.S. in power)]

Term
Patriot Act 
Definition

when security was strengthened against society: bugged phones/cellphones/computer…etc.

Term
Wall of Separation Principle and Three Part Test (Lemon Test) 
Definition

court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion.

a.       Engle v. Vitale (1962)

b.      Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) [Three part test]

                                                               i.      It has a secular purpose

                                                             ii.      Primary effect neither advances nor inhibits religion

                                                            iii.      Does not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion

Term

Free Exercise and Establishment clauses

Definition

·         Free exercise clause – Law cannot prevent free exercise of religion

·         Establishment clause – ban on laws “respecting an establishment of religion”

Term

Two parts to the First Amendment

Definition

·         Freedom of expression & freedom of religion

·         Freedom from prior restraint (Censorship) 

Term
Test of Restrictions on Expression (3)
Definition

1.       Imminent Danger

2.       Neutrality

3.       Clarity

Term
Standards for equal protection (2)
Definition

1.       Reasonableness standard – different treatment must be reasonable and not arbitrary

2.       Strict scrutiny

Term

Gideon v. Wainwright 

Definition

-           a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys, extending the identical requirement made on the federal government under the Sixth Amendment.          

Term

Rostker v. Goldberg

Definition

-           a decision of the United States Supreme Court holding that the practice of requiring only men to register for the draft was constitutional.

Term

Roe v. Wade

Definition
a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion. Decided simultaneously with a companion case, Doe v. Bolton, the Court ruled 7-2 that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests in regulating abortions: protecting prenatal life and protecting women's health.                          
Term

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

Definition
a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state regulations regarding abortion were challenged. The Court's plurality opinion upheld the constitutional right to have an abortion and altered the standards for analyzing restrictions of that right, invalidating one regulation but upholding the other four.               
Term
University of Cal. Regents v. Bakke
Definition

-           a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that ruled unconstitutional the admission process of the Medical School at the University of California at Davis, which set aside 16 of the 100 seats for "Blacks," "Chicanos," "Asians," and "American Indians" (and established a separate admissions process for those 16 spaces).

Term
Grutter v. Bollinger (Gratz)
Definition

a United States Supreme Court case regarding the University of Michigan undergraduate affirmative action admissions policy.

"ensures that the diversity contributions of applicants cannot be individually assessed" and was therefore unconstitutional.

Term

Brown v. Board of Education

Definition

a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

Term

Plessy v. Ferguson

Definition
a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."[1]
Term

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg… 

Definition

-           an important United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools.

Term

Miranda v. Arizona

Definition
a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which passed 5-4. The Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them.                
Term

Escobedo v. Illinois

Definition

-           a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. The case was decided a year after the court held in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) that indigent criminal defendants had a right to be provided counsel at trial.

Term

Mapp v. Ohio

Definition
a landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well, as had previously been the law, as in federal criminal law prosecutions in federal courts.
Term

Engle v. Vitale

Definition
a landmark United States Supreme Court case that determined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.
Term
Schenk v. U.S.
Definition

-           a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case established the "clear and present danger" test, which lasted until 1969 when protection for speech was raised in Brandenburg v. Ohio to "Imminent lawless action".

Term

Gitlow v. New York

Definition
a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment—specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press—to the governments of the individual states.
Term

4th Amendment 

Definition
part of the Bill of Rights which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrantto be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.
Term
5th Amendment
Definition
 is part of the Bill of Rights, protects against abuse of government authority in a legal procedure.
Term
Thomas Donilon
Definition
 the National Security Advisor in the Obama Administration
Term
Martin Dempsey
Definition
is the 18th and currentChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Term
Michael Morell
Definition
is the current Acting Director of theCentral Intelligence Agency
Term
Hillary Clinton
Definition
 is the 67thUnited States Secretary of State
Term
Eric Holder
Definition
the 82nd and current Attorney General of theUnited States and the first African American to hold the position
Term

Leon Panetta

Definition
the 23rd and currentUnited States Secretary of Defense
Term

Janet Napolitano

Definition
the third and incumbent United States Secretary of Homeland Security
Term
Jim Crow
Definition
a "separate but equal" status forAfrican Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided forwhite Americans
Term

Thurgood Marshall

Definition
Marshall was a lawyer who was best known for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education.
Term

Earl Warren

Definition
He is known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring "one-man-one vote" rules of apportionment.
Term

Guantanamo Bay

Definition
 It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, which is governed by the United States.
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