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| The study of persuasive writing |
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| Rhetorical devices that are primarily used to give a statement a positive or negative slant regarding a subject |
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| A neutral or positive expression instead of one that carries negative associations |
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| Used to produce a negative effect on a listener or reader's attitude toward something or to tone down the positive association it may have |
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| Linguistic methods of hedging a bet. When inserted into a claim, they help protect it from criticism by watering it down somewhat, weakening it, and giving the claim's author a way out in case the claim is challenged |
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| Words and other devices that is an attempt to make someone or something look less important or less significant |
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| a generalization or an assumption about all the members of a group that is based on an image of those in the group |
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| Ways of getting a point across without explicitly committing onself to it. The use of _________ enables us to insinuate something deprecatory about something or someone without actually saying it. |
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| Questions that rests on one or more unwarrented or unjustified assumptions |
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| A extravagant overstatement |
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| Use emotively charged language to express or elicit an attitude about something |
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| Use emotively charged explanation to express or elicit an attitude about something |
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| A comparison of 2 things or a likening of one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse |
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| Pretend reasoning and support |
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| Trying to scare people into doing something or accepting a position |
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| Happens when we accept or urge acceptance (or rejection) of a claim simply b/c it would be pleasant (or unpleasant) if it were true |
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| Substituting pride of membership in a group for reason and deliberation in arriving at a position on an issue |
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| A powerful and fierce emotion that can lead to blind endorsement of a countrie's policies and practices |
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| Pile issues on or to make them extremly complicated until the original is lost in the (verbal) "smoke" |
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| A very common fallacy when we use a false pretext to satisfy our own desires or interests |
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| Wrongful behavior on someone else's part doesn't convert wrongful behavior on your part into rightful behavior |
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| Making a joke out of someone's claim |
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| Appeals to: pity, pride, outrage, guilt, loyalty, envy, nationalism |
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| When people strongly beleive you should do something |
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| Its the way its always been done |
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| Just because something is a common practice doesn't mean that its right to do. It's irrelevant and unjustified |
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| A particular idea is popular |
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| What other people believe about a issue doesn't mean that its any more true |
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Matter of opinion, when you make your opinion count "that might be true for you but not for me"
If its a matter of fact. . . its either true for everyone of false for everyone. Opinion doesnt matter. |
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| We commit to the _________ fallacy when we think that considerations about a person "refute" his or her assertions. |
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| Personal Attack Ad Hominem |
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| example of a _______ ad hominem "Johnson has such-and-such a negative feature; therefore, his claim (belief, opinion, theory, proposal, etc.) stands refuted." |
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| "Moore's claim is inconsistent with something else Moore has said or done; therefore, his claim (belief, opinion, theory, proposal, etc.) stands refuted." |
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| Circumstantial Ad Hominem |
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| "Parker's circumstances are such and such; therefore, his claim (belief, opinion, theory, proposal, etc.) stands refuted." |
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An Ad Hominem in advance...
When "A" poisons your mind about "B" by relating unfavorable information about "B", you may be inclined to reject what "B" says to you. |
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| Putting pressure on the other person |
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| We get a ________ when a speaker or writer distorts, exaggerates, or otherwise misrepresents an opponent's position. Changing the position of someone by exaggeration/hyperbole |
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| Saying that either "A" is true or "B" and that there are no other options |
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| "Where do you draw the line?" You set things up in the argument so you have to be able to draw the line |
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| If policy "X" will not meet our goals as well as we'd like them met, then policy "X" should be rejected all together |
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| "If we let X happen, the first thing you know, Y will be happening." |
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| When we assume the truth of the conclusion already in the argument. A misunderstanding of what premises (and definitions) it is reasonable for one's audience to accept this. |
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