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Term
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Definition
study of the world beyond our own [supernatural]
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| study of beliefs; is there a God? |
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| nothing can be both P and not P, X and not X |
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| must follow the laws of logic |
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| has to follow the laws of metaphysics and logic |
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| violates the laws of nature and logic |
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| 3 components to an argument |
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| Premise, Conclusion, Logic Relation |
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| must be sound and valid; if the premises are valid then so is the conclusion |
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| The conclusion will be probable if the premises are true |
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| what is true of the parts is true for the whole |
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| The denial of relevant possibilities without justification |
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| anything can exist on its own is either material or mental |
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| Indescernibility of Identicals |
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| if x = y and y = f, then x = f |
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| the body affects the state of mind, but the mind does not affect the state of the body |
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| brain states = mental states |
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| Nothing outside our universe can come in and affect us |
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| Principle of Alternate Possibilities |
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| One can only be held morally responsible for their actions if they had the option to do otherwise |
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| believe in free will and determinism; free will and causal determinism are compatible |
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| Accept hard determinism, reject free will; free will and causal determinsim are NOT compatible |
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| Believe free will is incompatible with determinism; accept free will and reject determinsim |
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| In order for a person to be free, the action must be caused by the person's will and the person must have the ability to do otherwise |
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| a desire from another desire |
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| when one acts upon a second order desire |
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| an action is free if it is acted upon a second order volition |
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| an agent is the cause of some event, an instant of an uncaused cause |
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| a property you need to exist |
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| you can have it, but still exist if you lack it |
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| A and B are the same person if they have the same body |
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| A and B are the same person if they have the same soul |
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| A and B are the same person if they share the same experience memories |
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| a memory one is able to recall on before your mind |
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| Were able to bring a memory before your mind, but are no longer able to |
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| what makes an action right or wrong |
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| what are moral properties |
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| an action is right just incase some one approves of it |
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| moral judgments are neither true nor false |
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| An action is right if a culture approves of it |
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| An action is right if God commands it |
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| an action is justified based on the consequences |
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| Value for someone elses sake |
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| an action is right if it promotes happiness for the greatest amount of people |
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| What makes an action right or wrong is intrinsic to that action |
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| God does not interact with his creations |
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| God does interact with his creations |
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| Omnipotent: all powerful, Omnibenevolent: all knowing, Omniscience: all good |
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| An argument that attempts to derive the existence of God from the existence of the universe |
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| An argument that attempts to derive the existence of God from the design or purpose of things |
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| Something exists that satisfies the existence of God |
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| something that is the source of suffering, injury, or distraction |
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| evil that humans suffer caused by other humans |
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| the evil that humans suffer from natural causes |
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| 50/50 chance of there being a God, so why not believe |
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| Evidence to believe its true aimed at the truth |
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| Aiming at what is useful/benefical |
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| Emotional Problem of Evil |
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| they suffer and question how can God do this |
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| Intellectual Problem of Evil |
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| They think the existence of evil contradicts God |
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| Kalam Cosmological Argument |
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| if the universe has a beginning, then it needs a designer or creator |
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| The existence of evil makes God's existence impossible |
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| knowledge of whether a proposition is true or flase |
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| a knowledge of how to perform a certain activity |
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| Experiential/Personal Knowledge |
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| knowledge of what it is to have a certain experience |
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| we have no knowledge of some realms such as the external world |
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| You can reason to believe in C by inferring from D |
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| You reason to believe B on the basis of inferring it from C. C is not inferred from any other belief |
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| you can reason to believe B on the basis of C, you can reason to believe C on the basis of D. you can reason to believe D on the basis of B |
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| reason is a source of knowledge of the external world |
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| sense experience is the only source of knowledge of the external world |
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| In order to have knowledge of something, one must be certain |
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| our senses are in direct contact with the external world |
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| Our senses are in direct contact with the external world, but are mediated by sense data |
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| the objects that are immediately known in sensation |
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| Qualities possessed by material objects |
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| exist in the mind but not in the material object |
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