Term
| Enlargement of the prostate gland common in men over 60. The enlargement is usually related to a disturbance of hormone secretions from the sex glands that occurs as the period of reproductive activity declines: |
|
Definition
| benign prostatic hyperplasia (look at figure 11-8, page 394) |
|
|
Term
| The most common type of germ cell tumor, contains skin, hair, teeth, and fatty elements, all of which typically derive from ectodermal tissue: |
|
Definition
| (ovarian) dermoid cyst aka teratoma (look at figure 11-40, page 406) |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the pelvic reproductive organs that is usually the result of venereal disease (especially gonorrhea) in women of childbearing age, with the peak incidence between the ages of 20 and 24 years. It can also develop from unsterile abortion or delivery or multiple sex partners, or it may be a complication of IUDs: |
|
Definition
| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
|
|
Term
| Is a life threatening condition responsible for up to 1/4 of maternal deaths. More than 95% occur in the fallopian tubes. More than half of the pts that get this have a history of PID. Pt's who have this have substantially lower HCG results than that of a woman with normal pregnancy: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound is the modality of choice for this pathology. It demonstrates the classic appearance of an enlarged uterus that does not contain a gestational sac and is associated w/ an irregular adnexal mass, an "ectopic fetal head," or fluid in the cul-de-sac: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ infection is a devastating fungal disease that occurs virtually only in persons w/ uncontrolled diabetes. It usually originates in the nose and paranasal sinuses, from which it can extend to destroy the walls of the sinus and invade the substance of the brain: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a progressive pneumonia that is a result of mucormycosis that is widespread and confluent and often cavitates: |
|
Definition
| pulmonary mucormycosis (look at at figure 10-52, page 386) |
|
|
Term
| Is a result of hyperpituitarism beginning after bone growth has stopped. It is characterized by general overgrowth of all the body tissues. The bones of the hands, feet, and face enlarge, and there is excessive growth of soft tissues. Produces characteristic square, spade-shaped hands: |
|
Definition
| acromegaly (look at figure 10-20, page 370) |
|
|
Term
| ______________ results from an excess growth hormone produced by a tumor or generalized hyperplasia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The development of this condition before enchondral bone growth has ceased results in gigantism; the development of this condition beginning after bone growth has stopped results in acromegaly: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased function of the pituitary gland that causes profound generalized disturbances in bone growth and maturation. In children, this disorder often results in dwarfism and sexual immaturity. When it occurs after adolescence it results in hypofunction of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads. The heart and kidneys are often small, and calcification or ossification may develop in the articular cartilages: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest gland in the body, besides the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second most common malignancy in men? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The twisting of the gonad on its pedicle, which leads to compromise of the circulation and the sudden onset of scrotal pain: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The greatest amount of digestion occurs in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of malignancy among women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive production of thyroid hormone from the entire gland. This disease is a relatively common disorder that most often develops in the third and fourth decades and has strong female predominance. The major clinical symptoms include: nervousness, emotional lability, inability to sleep, tremors, rapid pulse rate, palpitations, excessive sweating, and heat intolerance: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A characteristic finding of this disease is exophthalmos - outward protrusion of the eyeball caused by edema in the tissue behind the eyes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An enlargement of the thyroid gland that does not result from an inflammatory or neoplastic process and is not initially associated w/ hyperthyroidism or myxedema. It results from one or more factors that impair the capacity of the thyroid gland in the basal state to secrete the quantities of active hormones necessary to meet the needs of the body. It can be caused by insufficient iodine in the diet, and it appears as a greatly enlarged thyroid: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The excess production of glucocorticoid hormones that can result from generalized bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, or it can result from a functioning adrenal or nonadrenal tumor. It can also result from exogenous administration of cortisone: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess secretion of glucocorticoid hormones mobilizes lipids, and increases their level in the blood. This increase produces a characteristic obesity that is confined to the trunk of the body and is associated w/ a round, moon-shaped face and pathognomonic fat pads that form behind the shoulders (buffalo hump). Retention of salt and water results in hypertension: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ ______ secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and nor-epinephrine. These fight-or-flight hormones are secreted in situations of stress when additional energy and strength are needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ stimulates the heart activity, raises blood pressure, and increases the level of blood glucose. By constricting some blood vessels and dilating others, ___________ shunts blood to active muscles where oxygen and nutrients are urgently needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are the smallest blood cells, and they essential for blood clotting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is an inherited (by a sex-linked recessive gene) anomaly of blood coagulation that appears clinically only in males. Pts w/ this disease have decreased serum concentration or absence of antihemophilic globulin (factor VIII) and suffer a lifelong tendency to spontaneous hemorrhage or severe bleeding from even minor cuts or injuries. |
|
Definition
| hemophilia (look at figure 9-25, page 356 and figure 9-26, page 357) |
|
|
Term
| _______ refers to a deficiency in the number of platelets, and it results in spontaneous hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes of the mouth, and internal organs. In skin, it results in development of small, flat, red spots (petechiae) or larger hemorrhagic areas (ecchymoses). |
|
Definition
| Purpura (thrombocytopenia) |
|
|
Term
| Refers to a decrease in the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the peripheral blood. This reduction can be attributable to improper formation of new red blood cells, an increased rate of red blood cell destruction, or a loss of red blood cells as a result of prolonged bleeding: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Hemophilia is most common in men. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A tumor composed of blood vessels: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a disease that is similar to hemophilia and it affects women just as commonly as men: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A generalized failure of the bone marrow to function that results in decreased levels of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. The patient cannot fight infection and has a bleeding tendency. Causes include - exposure to chemical agents or drugs, infections, and invasion of bone marrow by cancer: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Varicose veins of the lower end of the rectum that cause pain, itching, and bleeding. They are caused by increased pressure. Shown as multiple rectal filling defects that simulate polyps on BEs: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rupture of a blood vessel: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ is one form of arteriosclerosis. It is the major cause of vascular disease of the extremities. Fatty deposits called plaques develop in the intima and produce progressive narrowing and often complete occlusion of large and medium-size arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a major hereditary type of hemolytic anemia that is generally confined to African Americans. The hemoglobin molecule is abnormal and the red blood cells are crescentic or sickle shaped and tend to rupture: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the water-soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___-soluble vitamins can be stored within body tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____-soluble vitamins cannot be stored and must be a regular part of the diet to prevent a deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is necessary for the formation of prothrombin, an essential ingredient in the blood-clotting mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is essential for vision because it is a vital component of the pigment that absorbs light in the rods of the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is essential for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency which leads to an inability of supporting tissues to produce and maintain vascular endothelium and the cementing substances that hold epithelial cells together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a bone disease of young children in which a lack of vitamin D leads to decreased absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in weak, deformed bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to an excess of adipose (fatty) tissue that develops when the caloric intake (from food) consistently exceeds the amount of calories required by the body to perform its daily activities: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major cause of cirrhosis in the USA and Europe: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cause night blindness |
|
|
Term
| ________ ______ refers to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissues. The most common cause is an elevation of the pulmonary venous pressure. |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary edema (look up figure 7-22, page 265) |
|
|
Term
| _________ _____ is the most common type of fusion anomaly. In this condition, both kidneys are malrotated and their lower poles are joined by a band of normal renal parenchyma (isthmus) or connective tissue. |
|
Definition
| Horseshoe kidney (look up figure 6-9, page 224) |
|
|
Term
| Sclerosis of the spine caused by metastatic carcinoma: |
|
Definition
| ivory vertebra (look up figure 4-85, page 130) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major cause of bowl obstruction in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ syndrome (gonadal dysgenesis) is a sex chromosome monosomy disorder that is characterized by primary amenorrhea (no ovulation or menstruation), sexual infantilism, short stature, and bilateral tiny gonads. Although the pt appears to be female, she has only one X-chromosome as a result of faulty cellular division. |
|
Definition
| Turner's (look up figure 12-10, page 435) |
|
|
Term
| ______ disease (osteitis deformans) is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases of the skeleton. Destruction of bone, followed by a reparative process, results in weakened, deformed, and thickened bony structures that tend to fracture easily. |
|
Definition
| Paget's (look up 4-53, page 113, 4-54, page 114) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look up 3-84 and 3-85, page 76 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look up 5-64, page 187 and 5-18, 5-19, and 5-20, page 165 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look up 4-49, page 111 and 4-50, 4-51, 4-52, page 112 |
|
|
Term
| Osteogenesis imperfecta aka ______ _____ is an inherited generalized disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures and an unusual blue color of the normally white sclera of the eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should the technique be changed for osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bones)? |
|
Definition
| lower the kVp to compensate for loss of bone quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look up figure 3-63 page 65 |
|
|
Term
| This virus is estimated to affect almost all children by age 2. The virus attacks the lower respiratory tract and causes necrosis of the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi and bronchioles, which leads to bronchiolitis. The necrotic material and edema from the infection cause bronchial obstruction: |
|
Definition
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
|
|
Term
| In this modality, the patient ingests or receives an injection (IV or IM) of a radio-pharmaceutical that emits radiation, and an image is created from the signals radiating from the patient. (Main words - gamma emitting radionuclide): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pacemaker of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the alternative pacemaker for the heart? |
|
Definition
| (ectopic pacemakers) i.e. AV node |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common hospital born (nosocomial) infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood clot in the vascular system: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paralysis on one side of the body: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Localized area of ischemic necrosis; produced by occlusion of either arterial supply or venous drainage: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Highly malignant tumors arising from connective tissues, such as bone, muscle, and cartilage: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents: |
|
Definition
| person protective equipment (PPE) |
|
|
Term
| The accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen (more common in African Americans) may produce a protruding tumor-like scar known as a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is an extremely malignant skin cancer that metastasizes widely throughout the body. The tumor develops from a benign mole (nevus), which changes size and color and becomes itchy and sore. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common reason for performing swallow studies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lack of the development of the esophageal lumen resulting in a blind pouch describes congenital ___________ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common primary malignancies that metastasize to the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the gallbladder? |
|
Definition
| to store bile that enters by way of the hepatic and cystic ducts and to concentrate the bile by absorbing water |
|
|
Term
| _______ are the most common primary malignant brain tumors, consists of glial cells (supporting connective tissues in the CNS) that still have the ability to multiply. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of facial bone fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ tumor is the most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and childhood. The lesion arises from embryonic renal tissue, it may be bilateral, and it tends to become very large and appear as a palpable mass. It is highly malignant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal modality to measure an increase/decrease in the growth of tumors or lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A small, __________ kidney often appears as a miniature replica of a normal kidney, w/ good function and a normal relationship between the amount of parenchyma and the size of the collecting system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distention of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results from the failure of a satisfactory esophageal lumen to develop completely separate from the trachea: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fracture of the arch of C2 anterior to the inferior facet; associated w/ anterior subluxation of C2 and C3: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____ fracture involves both malleoli (i.e., of tibia and fibula) with dislocation of the ankle joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ refers to a condition in which there is diminished air within the lung associated with reduced lung volume. Most commonly this results from bronchial obstruction, which may be attributable to a neoplasm, foreign body, or mucous plug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ refers to the presence of infected liquid or frank pus in the pleural space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ _________ _________ _______: includes several conditions in which chronic obstruction of the airway leads to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases and makes breathing difficult. |
|
Definition
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
|
|
Term
| A __________ is a sharply circumscribed parenchymal nodule, often containing viable tuberculosis bacilli, that can develop into either primary or secondary disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interstitial pneumonia when left untreated may cause "honeycomb lung," which is demonstrated on a ________ as cystlike spaces and dense fibrotic walls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benign cartilaginous tumor: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acquired TE fistulas are commonly the result of what other pathology? |
|
Definition
| malignancy in the mediastinum |
|
|
Term
| Reflects the number of deaths by disease per population: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the most common abnormality (occurring in 50% of the population) detected on UGI exams. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes hydronephrosis? |
|
Definition
| urinary tract obstruction (blockage above the bladder), strictures, urinary stenosis |
|
|
Term
| Occlusion of a coronary artery deprives an area of myocardium of its blood supply and leads to the death of muscle cells in the area of vascular distribution. This is known as a: |
|
Definition
| myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
|
|
Term
| In cases in which ischemia continues to progress, resulting in an infarction, necrosis may occur as a result of lack of blood flow. This progressive situation can lead to a condition called _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of stroke and CHF? |
|
Definition
| hypertension (high blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
| _______ is a very common disease in which widespread narrowing of the airways develops because of an increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli (allergens). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is one of the most common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn. It occurs primarily in premature infants, especially those who have diabetic mothers or who have been delivered by cesarean section. The disease process results from surfactant deficiency caused by cell immaturity or birth trauma: |
|
Definition
| Hyaline Membrane Disease aka idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) |
|
|
Term
| Is primarily a viral infection of young children that produces inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea. Has hourglass shape on x-ray: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute infections of the epiglottis, most commonly caused by the flu in children, cause thickening of epiglottic tissue and the surrounding pharyngeal structures. Appears on an x-ray as a rounded thickening of the epiglottic shadow the approximate size of an adult's thumb: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a potentially fatal condition and is by far the most common pathologic process involving the lungs in hospitalized patients. It is emboli that affect the lungs: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most embolic occlusions occur in the _____ lobes of the lungs because of the preferential blood flow to these regions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a hereditary disease characterized by the secretion of excessively viscous mucus by all the exocrine glands; it is caused by a defective gene in the middle of chromosome 7. It affects primarily white children. In the lungs, thick mucus secreted by the mucosa in the trachea and bronchi blocks the air passages: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a crippling and debilitating condition in which obstructive and destructive changes in small airways (the acini or terminal bronchioles) lead to a dramatic increase in the volume of air in the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____ _______ is a necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent (puslike) material. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This modality produces cross-sectional tomographic images by first scanning a slice of tissue from multiple angles w/ a narrow x-ray beam, then calculating a relative linear attenuation coefficient (representing the amount of radiation absorbed in tissue for the various tissue elements in the section), and finally displaying the computed reconstruction as a gray-scale image on an imaging monitor: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a disorder in the metabolism of purine (a component of nucleic acids) in which an increase in the blood level of uric acid leads to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, cartilage, and kidneys. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases of the skeleton. Destruction of bone, followed by a reparative process, results in weakened, deformed, and thickened bony structures that tend to fracture easily. It affects particularly the pelvis, femurs, skull, tibias, vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs (mostly the weight-bearing bones): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ is a rare hereditary bone dysplasia in which failure of the resorptive mechanism of calcified cartilage interferes with the normal replacement by mature bone. It prevents the bone marrow from forming, so that the bones become very brittle and stress fractures occur often. The patient may also become anemic as a result of the lack of blood-producing bone marrow. |
|
Definition
| osteopetrosis (marble bones) |
|
|
Term
| _____________ is the most common form of dwarfism; it results from diminished proliferation of cartilage in the growth plate (decreased enchondral bone formation). It does not affect membranous bone formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ _________ aka brittle bones is an inherited generalized disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures and an unusual blue color of the normally white sclera of the eye. Due to imperfectly formed or inadequate bone collagen, the adult patient w/ this disease is generally wheelchair bound because the skeletal structure does not support the body weight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ vertebra is one that has characteristics of vertebrae on both sides of a major division of the spine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large defects in the lumbar or cervical spine may be accompanied by herniation of the meninges known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ is an extremely common generalized disorder characterized pathologically by loss of joint cartilage and reactive new bone formation. |
|
Definition
| Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) |
|
|
Term
| _____________ refers to insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton. The lack of balance between osteoid formation and mineralization influencing bone quality results in either excessive osteoid formation or, more frequently, insufficient mineralization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is a primary malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow of long bones. A tumor of children and young adults, it has a peak incidence in the mid-teens and is rare in persons over 30. The characteristic radiographic appearance has an onion skin likeness parallel to the shaft. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a brain abscess usually result from? |
|
Definition
| chronic infections of the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, or mastoid air cells, or of systemic infections (pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis). The organisms that most commonly cause brain abscesses are streptococci |
|
|
Term
| __________ is an acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid, two of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fracture is the result of acute hyperextension of the neck. It is commonly the result of motor vehicle collisions: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that most often involves the terminal area of the ileum but can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. This disease is frequently discontinuous, w/ skip areas. It can cause ulceration and fistulas to form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esophageal _______ are dilated veins in the wall of the esophagus that are most commonly the result of increased pressure in the portal venous system (portal hypertension), which is in turn usually the result of cirrhosis of the liver. The major complication of esophageal _______ is bleeding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of carcinoma is described as apple-core or napkin-ring carcinoma. It is one of the most typical forms of primary colonic malignancy: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ maneuver (forced expiration with the glottis closed) is used to help demonstrate gastroesophageal reflux. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ _________ caused by previous surgery or peritonitis account for almost 75% of all small bowel obstructions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ veins are dilated, elongated, and tortuous vessels that most commonly involve the superficial veins of the leg just under the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
