Term
| Schizophrenia vs. Schizotypal PDO across symptoms |
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Definition
Schizophrenia symptoms:
- Hallucination & Delusions = central features
- Disorganized speech/behavior
- Catatonic
- Flattened affect
Schizotypal PDO symptoms:
- Peculiar/magical thinking and/or speech (no hallucinations or delusions)
- Constrained, sometimes inappropriate affect
- Sensitive to the feelings of others
- Lack of close friends
- Social anxiety comes from paranoid fears of the individual
- NO psychosis
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Term
| Schizophrenia vs. Schizotypal PDO across onset |
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Definition
Schizophrenia onset:
- Males: around age 18 (worse prognosis w/ earlier onset) 15-25
- Females: later onset, late 20s/ 25-35
Schizotypal PDO onset:
- No definite onset since its a PDO
- Age 18 req.d for dx
- Usually lifelong, pervasive |
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Term
| Schizophrenia vs. Schizotypal PDO across course/prognosis |
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Definition
Schizophrenia course/prognosis:
- relatively stable, lifelong course from time of dx.
- symptoms fluctuate w/ active and remission periods
- chronic & debilitating w/ poorer prognosis if younger at time of dx and catatonic of disorganized type
- Positive sxs assoc. with better prognosis
Schizotypal PDO course/prognosis:
- enduring, lifelong personality traits
- relatively stable, small percentage develop schizophrenia
- better prognosis than schizophrenia |
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Term
| Cluster C Personality Disorders |
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Definition
| Anxious or Fearful Disorders |
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Term
Key Features of Cluster C PDOs
(Avoidant, OCPD, Dependent) |
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Definition
Key Features
Avoidant: Social inhibition, Feelings of inadequacy, Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
OCPD: Preoccupation w/ orderliness, pefectionism, and mental/interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
- Rigidity of moral views
- 'Miss the forest for the trees"
- Difficulty empathizing w/ others and avoids 'soft feelings'
Dependent:Pervasive and exessive need to be taken care of.
- Leads to submissive and clinging behaviors due to fears of separation |
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Term
| Symptoms of Cluster C PDOs |
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Definition
Avoidant:
- Avoids activities w/ interpersonal contact bc fear of rejection, criticism, or disapproval
- Unwilling to be involved w/o guarantee of acceptance
- Desires close personal relationships, but is so inhibited by fear and preoccupation w/ rejection or negative evaluation
- Interpersonal relationships are strained and inhibited in new personal situations
- Frustrated by inability to relate
- May ingratiate themselves to others in order to prevent rejection
OCPD:
- Preoccupied with details, lists, rules, order, organization, or schedules
- highly 'moralistic'
- rigid and stubborn
- overly conscientious and inflexible about morals, ethics, and values
- aversive to delegating tasks (no one else does it right)
- Difficulty discarding meaningless objects & miserly spending
Dependent:
- Needs others to be responsible for major areas of his/her life
- Difficulty making decisions without assurance from others
- Rarely initiates projects, plans due to low confidence
- Unrealistically fears being left to take care of oneself - dreads autonomy
- Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others. |
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Term
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Definition
In general:Unlikely to have huge personality changes
Avoidant:
-People with this disorder may develop some ability to relate to others, and this can be improved with Tx *
-Likely to drop Tx
OCPD:
- Often don’t attain predicted professional success bc poor "team players" or supervisors
- Don't benefit significantly from psychotherapy bc they are so rigid in their thinking and want things done 'their way'
Dependent:
- With Tx, some improvement in Sx, but no huge personality changes
- Best prognosis of the 3, because they can develop a relationship w/therapist
- Important to emphasize autonomy |
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Term
| Cluster C PDOs: Treatment |
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Definition
Avoidant:
- Unlikely to self-refer
- Assertiveness training, group therapy
- CBT: focus on hierarchy, early successes to normalize fears
OCPD:
- Will self-refer when interferes w/ ADL & work, but not likely to seek tx
- Medication not very effective (compared to OCD)
- CBT: targets maladaptive schemas, automatic/distorted thoughts, and impact of family/expectations
Dependent:
- More likely to seek tx if support system leaves - sxs more severe.
- Short-term group therapy
- Assertiveness training
- Psychodynamic - finds source of low self-esteem, must be careful of therapist dependency, and termination is the key to treatment. (be careful of countertransference) |
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Term
| Avoidant PDO vs. Social Phobia |
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Definition
Social Phobias: Fears SPECIFIC situations, but are aware and want to change
Avoidant: Fears ALL social situations
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Term
| Avoidant PDO vs. Autism Spectrum Disorder |
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Definition
Avoidant: avoid social situations bc SCARED
Autism Spectrum: Avoids social situations bc DISINTERESTED |
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Term
| Avoidant PDO vs. Dependent PDO |
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Definition
Both inadequate, are hypersensitive to criticism, and need reassurance
Avoidant PDO
- Withdraw bc of strong fear of humiliation/rejection
Dependent PDO
- Seek to maintain relationships instead of withdrawing
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Term
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Definition
OCPD
- No need to compulsively relieve anxiety
- Don't have ritualized behavior
- Rigidity of thinking
OCD
- Desire to reduce anxiety through compulsive behaviors/rituals
- Want to get rid of symptoms
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Term
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Definition
Both are preoccupied w/ perfection and critical/stingy towards others
OCPD:
- Self-critical and reluctant to spend money, even on themselves
Narcissistic PD:
- Generous w/ themselves
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Term
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Definition
Both lack fundamental capacity for intimacy and are formal/detached when dealing with others
OCPD
- Able to experience caring and may long for close, intimate relationships
Schizoid PD
- Doesn't want relationships
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Term
| Dependent PD vs. Borderline PD |
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Definition
Dependent PD
- fear of abandonment reacts with appeasement and submissiveness to urgently seek a replacement relationship
Borderline PD
- fear of abandonment - reacts with rage, emotional emptiness, and demands
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Term
| Dependent PD vs. Histrionic PD |
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Definition
Both have strong needs for reassurance/approval and may appear childlike/clinging
Dependent PD
- self-effacing and docile behavior
Histrionic PD
- gregarious & flamboyant with active demands for attention
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Term
| Dependent PD vs. Avoidant PD |
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Definition
Both feel inadequate, hypersensitive to criticism and need reassurance
Dependent PD
- seek to maintain relationships rather than avoid/withdraw
Avoidant PD
- withdraw from relationships due to strong fear of humiliation or rejection
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Term
| Cluster C PDO & Comorbidities |
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Definition
Comorbidities common in clinical settings
Avoidant:
Mood/anxiety disorders: Agoraphobia, Panic, GAD, OCD, Social Phobia
OCPD:
Anxiety/Mood disorders, Eating disorders (rarely comorbid OCD)
Dependent:
Mood/Anxiety disorders, Adjustment disorders |
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Term
| Phases of sexual response cycle |
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Definition
1. Appetitive - Fantasies about sexual activity; desire to have sex (libido)
2. Excitement - Subjective sense of pleasure; physiological changes
- Male, erection
- Female, vasoconstriction/narrowing of blood vessels, lubrication, swelling of external genitalia
3. Orgasm - Peak of sexual pleasure; release of sexual tension
- Male: sense of inevitable ejaculation with single and intense muscular contraction that emits semen
- Female: contracting of outer 1/3 of vagina but more variable
4. Resolution - Muscular relaxation
- Male: refractory period where further erection/orgasm are not possible
- Female: can respond immediately to additional stimuli |
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Term
| Apetitive phase sexual disorders |
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Definition
Hypoactive sexual desire DO:
absence of fantasies or desire for sex; more women; accompanied by other sexual disorders
Sexual Aversion DO:
aversion to and avoidance of all/almost all genital sexual contact; may follow a trauma/sexual abuse |
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Term
| Excitement Phase Sexual DOs |
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Definition
Female Sexual Arousal DO:
persistent inability to attain or maintain adequate lubrication-swelling response; Viatra (med) sends blood to all the right areas
Male Erectile DO:
persistent inability to attain or maintain adequate erection; 10-33% of men over 60 but usually under reported |
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Term
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Definition
Female Orgasmic DO:
delay or absence of orgasm following normal excitement phase; orgasmic capacity is less than reasonable based on age, sexual experience, and adequacy of stimulation received
Male Orgasmic DO:
delay or absence of orgasm following normal excitement phase; take into account age, adequate focus, intensity, and duration
Premature Ejaculation:
persistent ejaculation with minimal stimulation before, on, or shortly after penetration; occurs before person wishes it; take into account age, novelty of partner/situation, recent frequency of sexual activity
Dyspareunia:
recurrent or persistent genital pain associated with intercourse; male or female; can occur during or after sex
Vaginismus:
recurrent or persistent involuntary muscle spasm of outer 1/3 of vagina; interferes with sex; tightness and discomfort to severe pain that prevent penetration |
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Term
| Important rule-out when assessing Sexual Dysfunction |
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Definition
GMC!
- ex. hypertension, diabetes, etc.
- 43% of women, 31% of men |
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