Term
| What was the first type of cell to be seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the cell theory? |
|
Definition
All living organisms are made up of cells
All cells come from cells
Cells are the basic unit of life |
|
|
Term
| Draw and identify the stuctures of Plant and Animal cells...identify the differences |
|
Definition
plasma membrane
golgi apparatus
flagellum-unique to animal
centrioles-animal only
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cystoplasm
Centriole
Nuclear envelope
Chloroplast- plant only
Vacuole- plant only
Cell wall- Plant only
lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of a Eukaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
Enclosed Nucleus
larger than prokaryotes
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of a Ribosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the Rough ER |
|
Definition
| Membrane Protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the smooth ER |
|
Definition
Lipid synthesis
Detox
calcium ion synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the Rough ER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the golgi apparatus |
|
Definition
Transport and finishes processes
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the lysosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of Peroxisomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the Large vacuole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of Chloroplasts |
|
Definition
| Converts light to glucose |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of Mitochondria |
|
Definition
| Converts glucose into ATP |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the Extracellular Matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the flagellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of centrioles |
|
Definition
| Pulls apart DNA chormosomes during Mitosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the Cell Wall |
|
Definition
| provides structural support to cell as well as protection |
|
|
Term
| What main organelle is absent in a bacterial cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the volume of a cell increases, the cells surface area will... |
|
Definition
| Increase to a lesser degree |
|
|
Term
| Is protozoa a eukaryote or a prokaryote |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is bacteria a prokaryote or a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is algea a prokaryote or a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is fungi a prokaryote or a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is moses a prokaryote or a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In chloroplasts, the thylakoid membranes are stacked into structures called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The energy in most food comes from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the principle chemical compund that living things use to store energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What light absorbing molecules do plants use to gather the sun's energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The light dependent reactions supply the calvin cycle with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the Calvin Cycle, plants use the energy in ATP and NADPH to build what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Calvin Cycle provides cells with compunds that can store energy for more than a few minutes? T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of high temperatures on the rate of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| Rate of Photosynthesis will decrease |
|
|
Term
| What needs to be present during cellular respiration to release the energy found in glucose, by breaking it down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Either cellular respiration or fermentation can be used to release energy depending on the presence of what gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Kreb Cycle release energy in the form of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that obtain energy from the foods they consume |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main stages of cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
Glycolysis
The Kreb Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of Glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| To harvest chemical energy by oxidizing glucose into pyruvic acid |
|
|
Term
| What is pyruvic acid changed into so it can enter the Kreb Cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does chemiosmosis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many molecules of ATP does cellular respiration produce per glucose molecule? |
|
Definition
Glycolysis 43
Kreb Cycle 2
Chemiosmosis 2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of fermentation? and their products? |
|
Definition
Alcoholic Fermentation - Ethynol
Lactic Acid Fermentation - Lactic Acid |
|
|
Term
| Where does the oxygen come from during photysynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does oxidation add or take away hydrogen atoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does reduction add or take away atoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of the Calvin Cycle and where does it occur? |
|
Definition
| Glucose and it occurs in the Stroma. |
|
|
Term
| What do Chlorophyll molecules absorb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What wavelengths of light does Chlorophyll absorb? |
|
Definition
| Blue Violet and Red Orange |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of having 2 photosystems? |
|
Definition
| To absorb slightly different colors of light. |
|
|
Term
| What proteins do electrons go to after the Reaction Center? |
|
Definition
| the primary electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| After the electrons pass along the electron transport chain, they end up as what high energy molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Waht does the electron transport chain do? |
|
Definition
| Puts hydrogen ions from the stroma into thylakoids? |
|
|
Term
| How do photosystems replace their lost electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give examples of a polysacchride, disacchride and monosaccharide? |
|
Definition
Polysaccharide - Starch
Disaccahride - Sucrose
Monosaccharide - Glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is oxidized in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do plants get the Carbon to create sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major parts of the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
G1
DNA Synthesis
G2
Mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that stmulates cells to divide |
|
|
Term
| What is density-dependent inhibition? |
|
Definition
| When cells border each other they stop dividing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell with 46 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What are homologous chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| a pair of similar chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where sister chromatids intersect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 22 pairs of chromosomes found in both males and females. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell that has 46 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell with 23 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fertilized egg that has become a diploid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of creating sex cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of meiosis I? |
|
Definition
| To create 2 diploid cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of Meiosis II? |
|
Definition
| To create 4 haploid cells |
|
|
Term
| What is independent assortment? |
|
Definition
| when chromosomes have the possibility of switching places during meiosis. a.k.a. genes from parents are assorted. |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of exchanging correspondng segments between 2 homologous chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point at which crossing over occurs on chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What are embryonic stem cells? |
|
Definition
| cells in the early animal embryo that differentiate during development to give rise to all the different specialized cells in the body. |
|
|
Term
| What is an adult stem cell? |
|
Definition
| Cells that are part way along the road to differentiation (ex. stems cells in bone marrow generate the different kinds of blood cells) |
|
|
Term
| In female mammals, what chromosome is inactive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A master control gene that regulates the structure of parts of the body |
|
|
Term
| Why did Mendell chose garden peas to experiment with genetics? |
|
Definition
| Because they are easy to grow and available in many readily distinguishable varieties. |
|
|
Term
| Why did Mendell cover the stamens of the pea flowers? |
|
Definition
| Because he didn't want them to self-fertilize. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Segregation is the separation of chromosomes during gamete formation. |
|
|
Term
| What were Mendell's four hypotheses? |
|
Definition
- Alleles are the alternative forms of traits.
- Organisms have one gene from each parent.
- Sex cells carry only one allele.
- There are dominant and recessive traits.
|
|
|
Term
| What is Mendell's principle of independent assortment? |
|
Definition
| Each pair of allels segregates independently during gamete formation. |
|
|
Term
| What is a polyploid cell? |
|
Definition
| A cell that has more than two copies of each gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procedure for removing amniotic fluid to produce a karyotype. Also can be used to screen for genetic disorders. |
|
|
Term
| What is CVS (chorionic villus sampling)? |
|
Definition
| Suctioning of placenta to allow for immediate kariotyping. |
|
|
Term
| What is ultrasound imaging? |
|
Definition
| Use of high frequency sound to image tissue by reflection. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype? |
|
Definition
| A genotype is the genetic code for the traits and the phenotype is the outward appearance of the trait. |
|
|
Term
| What is incomplete dominance and provide example? |
|
Definition
| When neither trait is dominate over the other. Ex. a white flower and red flower producing a pink flower. |
|
|
Term
| What is co-dominance and provide example? |
|
Definition
| Co-dominance is when both alleles are expressed. Ex. White chicken and black chicken producing a speckled chicken. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic. Ex. sickle cell disease... |
|
|
Term
| What is the direct effect of sickle cell disease? |
|
Definition
| Red blood cells produce abnormal hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| What is polygenetic inheritence and example? |
|
Definition
| The additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic. Ex. skin color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes that are located close together on a chromosome. |
|
|
Term
| Why are linked genes that are closer together on a chromosome more likely to be inherited together than linked genes that are farther apart? |
|
Definition
| Because the closer the genes are together the less likely they are to be separated during "crossing over". |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for genes carried on the sex chromosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A building block for DNA. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
- Phosphate group
- Sugar
- Nitrogenous base
|
|
|
Term
| What are the (4) nitrogenous bases and what are they organized into? |
|
Definition
- Pyrimidines - thymine, cytosine
- Purines - adenine, guanine
|
|
|
Term
| In RNA, what base is substituted and with what? |
|
Definition
| Thymine is substituted with uracil. |
|
|
Term
| Which bases pair together? |
|
Definition
Thymine - Adenine
Cytosine - Guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of replicating DNA into mRNA. Bases are paired with corresponding bases, substituting thymine for uracil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of converting mRNA into tRNA. This pairs corresponding bases together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of three bases that code for an amino acid. |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme that transcribes DNA into RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is are promoters and terminators? |
|
Definition
| Codon that signals the start or end of an mRNA sequence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ribonucleic acid that makes up ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the job of the tRNA molecule? |
|
Definition
| To recognize mRNA codons and assemble amino acids into proteins accordingly. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Probe used for in the process of finding genes? |
|
Definition
| It is used to highlight the specific genes useing a chemical that has the corresponding codons for the specific gene. This chemical is bonded through hydrogen bonding |
|
|
Term
What charge does DNA have?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do some molecules go father through the gel in gel electrophoresis than other molecules?
|
|
Definition
| shorter molecules go father because they fit more easily throught the microscopic cracks in the gel than larger molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inherited changes in organisms over time
|
|
|
Term
| What were darwins two big ideas? |
|
Definition
| evolution and descent with modification |
|
|
Term
| Where are the oldest fossils found realtive to soil layers? |
|
Definition
| The deeper the soil the older the fossils |
|
|
Term
| What are analogous structures? |
|
Definition
| similar ideas in structures (wings) but different ways of going about it (bat wings vs. butterfly wings) |
|
|
Term
| What is a vestigial structure? |
|
Definition
| Structures that shrivel up and become useless due to infrequent use |
|
|
Term
| What is cytochrome C used for? |
|
Definition
| by sequencing the amino acids in the organism's cytochrome C we can determine how closely related two species are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using two comparable pieces of DNA or two comparable pieces of mRNA |
|
|
Term
| Why are antibiotic resistant bacteria proof of evolution? |
|
Definition
| Because the bacteria that have the genes to survive the antibiotic attack pass their genes on to their offspring |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between convergent and divergent evolution? |
|
Definition
Convergent- when seperate species develope similar traits
Divergent- when a species developes different traits and splits into new species |
|
|
Term
| What is comparative embyology? |
|
Definition
| Study of structures that appear during development in different organisms. Helps determine common descent from ancestors. |
|
|
Term
| What is a population and what is it the smallest unit of? |
|
Definition
| Population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time. It is the smallest group of organisms that can evolve. |
|
|
Term
| What is a gene pool and provide example. |
|
Definition
| A gene pool is the total collection of genes in a population at any one time. Ex. all the web-footed birds and all the non-web-footed birds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The change in the frequency of alleles in a population's gene pool. |
|
|
Term
| What form of evolution was thought to have been occuring vs. what do we think now? |
|
Definition
Gradualism - incorrect - evolution isn't gradual.
Punctuated equilibrium - correct - species evolve by leaps and jumps. |
|
|
Term
| What are the (5) conditions that are required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
|
Definition
- Population is very large
- Population is isolated
- Mutations don't alter gene pool
- Mating is random
- Equal reproductive success
|
|
|
Term
| What is genetic drift and example. |
|
Definition
| Change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance. Ex. 1000 coin flips, 700 heads/300 tails |
|
|
Term
| What is the bottle-neck effect? Example. |
|
Definition
| The genetic drift resulting from an event that drastically reduces population size. Ex. volcanic eruption. |
|
|
Term
| What is the founder effect? Example. |
|
Definition
| Colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals; creates smaller gene pool. Ex. birds landing on isolated island. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When fertile individuals move into or out of a population, or when gametes are transferred between populations. Ex. racial differences in humans (asian/european) |
|
|
Term
| What is a morph and what is meant when a species is termed "polymorphic"? |
|
Definition
| The different forms of a phenotypic characteristic. More than (2) phenotypic forms are present in noticable numbers. Ex. ABO blood groups... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gradual change in an inherited characteristic along a geographic continuum. Ex. body size of birds tends to increase with increasing latitude. |
|
|
Term
| What does it to be "genetically fit"? |
|
Definition
| Ability to produce fertile offspring and survive. |
|
|
Term
| What are the (3) types of natural selection? |
|
Definition
- Stabilizing
- Directional
- Diversifying
|
|
|
Term
| What is sexual selection? Ex. |
|
Definition
| The contest of males over right to mate with females. Ex. elk duel. |
|
|
Term
| How is radiometric dating used? |
|
Definition
| To determine the age of rocks/fossils by measuring the amount of radioactive decay of carbon isotopes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification (8)catagories for binomial nomenclature? |
|
Definition
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
|
|
|
Term
| How did brain capacity affect the development of homonids? |
|
Definition
| The brain gradually grew in size until they then jumped in capacity to that of homonids like neanderthals and homo erectus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The oldest type of primate, includes lorises, pottos, and tarsiers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monkeys, apes and humans; usually with larger brain size and rely more on sight than smell. |
|
|
Term
| What are old world monkeys? |
|
Definition
| Some ground-dwelling species, but mostly arboreal; tough seat-pad, narrow nostrils close together |
|
|
Term
| What are new world monkeys? |
|
Definition
| All arboreal, wide nostrils spaced far apart, no seat pad, and can have prehensile tail. |
|
|
Term
| What are (4) examples of great apes? |
|
Definition
- Gibbons
- Orangutans
- Gorilla
- Chimpanzee
|
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between hominids and hominoids? |
|
Definition
| Hominids include species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree. Hominoids refer to great apes and humans. |
|
|
Term
| What are the (5) main features in the evolution of humans? |
|
Definition
- Increased brain size
- Shorter jaws
- Bipedal posture
- Reduced M/F size difference
- Key changes in family structure
|
|
|
Term
| What is species is "Lucy" and example of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hominid genus was the first to be bipedal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species of homo was dubed "handy-man" and why? |
|
Definition
| Homo habilis; because they created simple stone tools. |
|
|
Term
| List some of the cultural and physical improvements of homo erectus? |
|
Definition
Larger brain and taller vs. habilus
Monogomy. |
|
|
Term
| What species gave rise to homo sapiens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the neanderthals die out and what were some of their characteristics? |
|
Definition
About 40,000 years ago.
Short, stocky, heavily muscled, skilled tool-makers, may have developed religion. |
|
|
Term
| What are two hypothesis of how modern homo sapiens came to be dispersed? |
|
Definition
- Multi-regional: evolved in several places. Like convergent evolution.
- Out-of-Africa: evolved in Africa and migrated.
|
|
|
Term
| What are the (3) stages of culture? |
|
Definition
- scavaging/gathering/hunting
- agriculture
- machine-age
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gap between incisors and molars. |
|
|
Term
| What genus of aferensis is the "Tong" skull and why is it significant? |
|
Definition
Africanus.
Placement on the foramen magnum. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the first to develop fire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to evolutionary relationships. Ex: homo erectus from homo habilis. |
|
|
Term
| What did Malthus propose regarding species development? |
|
Definition
| That populations multiplied faster than the food supply. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the oldest fossils found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are members of a population more likely, or less likely to have the same genotype? |
|
Definition
| Less likely, because of independent assortment of each of the parents. |
|
|
Term
| What were 2 characteristics of first primates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many changes in the DNA are necessary to cause sickle cell disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inactive X chromosome in females. |
|
|
Term
| What is special about hemoglobin of a person with Sickle Cell Disease? |
|
Definition
| It has a different sequence of Amino Acids |
|
|
Term
| What would happen in the P generation if a tall plant was crossed with a short plant...if alleles did not segregate during gamete formation? |
|
Definition
| All of the F2 generation would be tall. |
|
|
Term
| What is carbon sequestration? |
|
Definition
| When Carbon atoms are formed together to produce sugars. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 laws of thermodynamics? |
|
Definition
1. Energy can not be created or destroyed only changed in form
2. Increasing disorder in the universe
3. As Temperature reaches zero, the entropy of the system approches a constant minimum |
|
|
