Term
| A dependence on a drug beyond voluntary control: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Undesirable and often dangerous effects of drugs: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An acute disease condition that presents with an extremely low number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, and therapeutic techniques such as massage and acupuncture: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A severe constricting pain or sensation in the chest that may radiate to the shoulder and/or the arm; related to coronary artery disease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomic structure that prevents certain substances from accessing the brain: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathologic conditions of the cellular elements of the blood: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Antibiotics) effective against a wide variety of microorganisms: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the mouth adjacent to the cheek: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any symptom or circumstance that renders use of a drug inadvisable: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reliance on a drug that may be physiologic or psychologic in nature: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One drug interacting with or interfering with the action of another drug: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the gastrointestinal tract: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Antibiotics) effective against more microbes than broad spectrum penicillin: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluid passing out of a blood vessel into surrounding tissues: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first 3 months of pregnancy: |
|
Definition
| first trimester of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| A drug that causes sleep: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An abnormally low concentration of potassium ions in the bloodstream: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduced amount of thyroid hormone leading to a disease process: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basis for initiation of treatment or use of a particular drug: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Into the cavity of the joint: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Into the chambers of the heart: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Applied directly into a lesion or wound: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A molecule in a finely divided state dispersed in liquid or solid media: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any drug synthetic or naturally occurring that induces a state of stuporous analgesia: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to administration of a drug by penetrating the skin: |
|
Definition
| parenteral or parenterally |
|
|
Term
| Inserted into the rectum: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Instillation of contrast in opposite direction of physiologic flow of fluid in the body: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mild, common reactions to drugs: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An abnormally small number of platelets in the circulating blood: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clotting within a blood vessel: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disease state related to excess amounts of thyroid hormone: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sound in the ear that can be ringing, whistling, hissing, roaring, or booming in the absence of acoustic stimuli: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Designed for or involving local application and action (the skin): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug given in a strength that is physiologically harmful: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A life-threatening effect of a drug that may occur immediately or over a long period of the particular drug's administration: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An eruption of itchy wheels, hives: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drug administration into the vagina: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A widening of the lumen of the blood vessel: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Related to action of the vagus nerve upon blood vessels resulting rapid pulse, cold sweats, bradycardia, hypotension, and syncope: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is the study of drug action and drug interaction w/ living organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are chemical substances that are not required for normal sustenance and that produce a biological effect in an organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a drug is misused it can become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____ is a chemical agent capable of producing biologic responses in the body. After it is administered it is called a _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ______ is an agent naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms, or by the body itself such as hormones, natural blood products, or vaccines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that are considered safe for administration are called what? |
|
Definition
| Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs |
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Alternative dietary and herbal supplements are regulated by the FDA. |
|
Definition
| False: they are not regulated by the FDA because they are classified as food, not drugs |
|
|
Term
| Drugs vary in strength and activity. This variation depends on the ______ of the drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Technique in which strength and purity of a drug is measured is called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If strength of a drug cannot be measured, a method called ________ is is performed to determine the strength in a laboratory on an animal under standardized conditions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of drugs that are regulated by the FDA? |
|
Definition
1. purity
2. bio-availability
3. potency
4. efficacy
5. safety and toxicity |
|
|
Term
| A _______ is an agent naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms, or by the body itself such as: hormones, natural blood products, or vaccines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ therapies include natural plants, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, and therapeutic techniques (acupuncture). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) If drug administration errors are made due to lack of knowledge, the person who administers the drug is legally liable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the expectations of drug administration knowledge for a licensed radiographer? |
|
Definition
Know:
- safe dosage
- safe route of administration
- limitations of the drug
- side effects
- potential adverse and toxic reactions
- indications and contraindications for its use
- potential hazards of incorrect or unsafe administration of a drug |
|
|
Term
| (True or False) It is not necessary for an RT student to be supervised by a licensed professional when starting an IV if s/he knows what s/he is doing. |
|
Definition
| False: a radiography student must always be supervised by a licensed professional |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that must bear the legend "caution: federal law prohibits dispensing without prescription" has the follow characteristics: |
|
Definition
- must be administered parenterally
- hypnotic or narcotic
- may cause dependence
- contains derivatives of habit-forming substances
- may be toxic if not administered under the supervision of a physician, dentist, or nurse
- is new and limited to investigational use and is not safe if indiscriminately used |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that are considered safe for administration are called: |
|
Definition
| over-the-counter drugs or OTC drugs |
|
|
Term
| Alternative dietary and herbal supplements (are/are not) regulated by the FDA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Alternative dietary and herbal supplements are classified as foods, not drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Because supplements are classified as foods and not drugs, it isn't necessary for the RT to include any supplements taken in the patient's health and medication history. |
|
Definition
| False: it must be included |
|
|
Term
| Drugs vary in _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs vary in strength and activity. This variation depends on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Technique in which strength and purity are measured is called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If strength can not be measured, a method called _________ is performed to determining the strength in a laboratory on an animal under standardized conditions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The type and acceptable amount of extraneous material that may be safely added to the active ingredient of a drug: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of a drug that becomes available for activity in the targeted tissue: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The strength or power of the drug needed to achieve the desired effect: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effectiveness of each drug used in treatment: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Determined by the number and severity of adverse effects reported after use of the drug; these standards are monitored and refined constantly: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This act was put in place in 1971 and it was intended to increase research into and prevent drug abuse: |
|
Definition
| Controlled Substance Act (1971) |
|
|
Term
| This administration became the nation's only legal drug enforcement agency in 1973: |
|
Definition
| Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) |
|
|
Term
| The ________ _________ Act of 1971 is meant to assist persons dependent on drugs w/ rehabilitation and to improve regulation of drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs labeled as 'controlled substances' have been categorized by the ________ _________ Act into schedules according to numbers related to their potential for abuse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs (do/do not) have the capacity to change cellular structures, but act either to increase or decrease the rate and range of normal or abnormal physiological process going on within cells of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs are absorbed, _________, metabolized, and then excreted from the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the drug reaches its intended effect: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the drug attains its maximum therapeutic response: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the drug is in the body in an amount large enough to be therapeutic: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to practices that have no scientific foundation and research into the effectiveness and safety: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indicates some scientific foundation and research into the effectiveness or safety: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The processes that control absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs by the body are called ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of drug that actually reaches the systemic circulation becomes __________ or reaches a state of __________. |
|
Definition
| bioavailable; bio-availability |
|
|
Term
| Drugs are absorbed by ________ or by ______ transport or by pinocytosis, a form of the latter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Lipoid tissues are highly impenetrable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give two examples of anatomy that is made up of lipoid tissues: |
|
Definition
1. blood-brain barrier
2. placenta |
|
|
Term
| Drug Transport: ______ ______ requires no cellular energy. The drug simply moves across a cell membrane from another area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration. When the concentration equalizes on both side of the cell membrane, the transport is complete. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most drugs cross cell membranes by way of ______ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ ______ is the most important determinant in deciding whether a drug will cross cell membranes, although water solubility is also of importance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drug Transport: ______ ______ requires energy from the cell and a carrier molecule such as an enzyme or protein that forms complexes with drug molecules on the membrane surface to carry them through a membrane and then leave them by disassociation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ ______ is necessary to move some drugs and electrolytes such as sodium and potassium from outside to inside a cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a form of active transport in which the cell engulfs a drug particle, forms a protective coat around it, and transports it across the membrane: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs taken orally are usually absorbed in the ____ ______, which has a large surface area for absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effects drug absorption? |
|
Definition
- surface area (the larger the better - small intestine)
- blood flow (IM deltoid *rapidly* vs IM gluteal *slowly*)
- Severe pain (decreased ability to absorb drugs)
- Stress (decreased ability to absorb drugs) |
|
|
Term
| The partial metabolism of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation is called a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dosages of most drugs given by the oral route are generally much larger than those given by parenteral routes because they are susceptible to the ____-____ effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some drugs, after they are absorbed, are moved from the bloodstream into the liver and then through the biliary tract, where they are excreted in bile to return to the small intestine and back into the bloodstream. This action is called ___________ recycling. It allows the drug to persist in the body for long periods of time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate and extent of drug distribution depends on: |
|
Definition
- adequate blood circulation
- protein binding
- drug affinity for lipoid or aqueous tissue
- muscles and fatty tissues
- body organs that have rich blood supply
- health status/pathological conditions
- multiple drugs
- lipid soluble drugs |
|
|
Term
| The process by which the body alters the chemical structure of a drug or other foreign substance is called _________ or _______________. |
|
Definition
| metabolism or bio-transformation |
|
|
Term
| Most drugs are metabolized by the ____ by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolism occurs through four pathways. What are they? |
|
Definition
- oxidation
- reduction or the addition of hydrogen
- hydrolysis
- conjugation |
|
|
Term
| The following may alter the rate of which a drug metabolizes: |
|
Definition
- age
- time of day
- emotional status
- the presence of other drugs in the body
- genetic variations
- disease state
- oral administration |
|
|
Term
| Excretion of drugs from the body takes place chiefly in the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) The kidneys can excrete only water-soluble substances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gases and volatile liquids used for anesthesia are excreted by the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Urine pH affects the excretion of drugs. |
|
Definition
| True - acid = more rapid excretion; alkaline = slower excretion |
|
|
Term
| Drugs can be excreted via: |
|
Definition
- kidneys
- biliary tract
- feces
- enterohepatic cycle and later through the kidneys
- pulmonary route
- sweat and saliva
- breast milk |
|
|
Term
| The time it takes for a 50% decrease in a drug's presence in the body is called its ____-____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a drug to have its intended effect, it must reach a _____-_____ concentration in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It takes at least _-_ drug half-lives for a steady state concentration to occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a steady-state concentration to be maintained, the same amount of drug must be taken in as is eliminated within a __ hour period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drugs removal from the body is called its ________ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid clearance rate = administer ____ frequently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow clearance rate - administer ____ frequently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ is the study of the method or mechanism of drug action on living tissues or the response of tissues to chemical agents at various sites in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs may alter physiologic effects in the body in the following ways: |
|
Definition
- altering blood pressure
- altering heart rate
- altering urinary output
- altering function of the central or peripheral nervous system
- altering changes in all other body systems |
|
|
Term
| (True or False) all body tissues are affected in some way by every drug administered. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The particular area for which a drug is intended and that receives a maximum effect of a drug is called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) The function of a cell is altered but not completely changed by a drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is the factor that determines the concentration of drug necessary to accomplish its intended effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is the attraction between the drug and the receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is a strong affinity at the drug's receptor site, the concentration of drug necessary to accomplish its intended effect is low. This is referred to as the ______ of the drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ _______ is the ability of a drug to initiate a chain of events. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug that attaches to a site and possesses both an affinity and the ability to produce intrinsic activity is an _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug that attaches to a site and prevents the agonist from responding in its intended manner is an ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An agonist with affinity (attraction) and some efficacy (effect) which can antagonize a drug action that has more efficacy is a ______ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ___________ _________ has an affinity (attraction) for the same receptor site as another drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _______________ antagonist combines w/ receptors in the same tissues and inactivates the response of the agonist no matter how high its concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ _____ is the relationship between dosage at which the intended effect of a drug is obtained and the amount that produces an unwanted effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is an unwanted effect that is an extension of the therapeutic effect, such as an overdose: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Toxic reactions do not include allergic reactions or anaphylactic shock, which are classified as adverse reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An unexpected or exacerbated effect from a drug received for the first time: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a metareaction manifests as an allergy is is called an: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that have a mind-altering effect. This may be physiological or psychological in nature: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug that creates a physiological dependence that has an unpleasant effect if it is not received or if it is discontinued: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug that is received continually for a long period of time creates a change in the response to that drug: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rapid development of tolerance to a drug: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is tolerance to a particular drug that results from administration of a different drug with the same action: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that effect the fetus causing abnormal development: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that may be cancer producing: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that adversely affect the kidney: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ways in which a drug can be administered parenterally? |
|
Definition
| - subcutaneous (SC) - intramuscular (IM) - intravenous (IV) - intrathecal - intra-articular - epidural - intra-arterial - pulmonary - intradermal - topical |
|
|
Term
| The nervous system is divided into two subsystems: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ consists of the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately __% of all imaging examinations involve the use of a form of contrast medium to aid in the visualization of a body part or body system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contrast agents are categorized as _____ because they can be absorbed into the systemic circulation and may affect a physiologic response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an anatomical area is filled or outlined by a positive agent, the image of the organ appears to be _________; whereas, negative contrast agents make the organ appear _________. |
|
Definition
positive = organ appears radiopaque
negative = organ appears radiolucent |
|
|
Term
| In radiography, what are the methods in which a contrast agent can be administered? |
|
Definition
- orally
- vaginally
- intravenously
- intra-arterially
- percutaneously (into the joint)
- into a body cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of contrast used in the imaging of the GI system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chemical makeup of ionic and nonionic contrast differs in the number of ________ in the solution, not in the number of iodine compounds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ionic contrast agents have ____ osmolar content. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-ionic contrast agents have ____ osmolar content. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ contrast agents = high-osmolar contrast medium
- are hyper-osmotic to body fluids such as blood
- cause problems such as vein spasm, fluid retention, and cardiac symptoms
- increased risk of adverse reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___-_____ contrast agents = low-osmolar contrast medium
- have an osmolality much closer to that of human plasma and will result in fewer and less sever reactions.
- considered safe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The volume of a compound: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) all contrast agents currently in use are considered safe. |
|
Definition
| True - however, all may result in adverse reactions |
|
|
Term
| A reaction is most apt to occur when the agent is administered ___________ or ___________. |
|
Definition
| intravenously or intra-arterially |
|
|
Term
| A reaction to the procedure rather than the contrast agent itself is known as a _________ response, and it occurs when the patient is experiencing high anxiety about the procedure and its results. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classifications of adverse reactions? |
|
Definition
- mild
- moderate
- severe
- vasovagal response |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of a vasovagal reaction? |
|
Definition
- pallor
- cold sweats
- syncope |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a vasovagal reaction? |
|
Definition
- tachycardia or bradycardia
- hypotension |
|
|
Term
| Nausea/vomiting and a headache may be a precursor to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be the radiographer's response to an anaphylactic reaction? |
|
Definition
| - notify the radiologist or the radiology RN immediately - stop or slow the rate of the contrast injection - observe the patient closely and reassure him/her |
|
|
Term
| Signs of a mild adverse reaction: |
|
Definition
| - C/O itching of nose and eyes - anxiety - cough - urticaria (hives) or rash |
|
|
Term
| RT's response to a mild adverse reaction: |
|
Definition
- stop the infusion and notify the RAD or RN
- don't leave the pt unattended
- reassure the pt |
|
|
Term
| Signs of a moderate adverse reaction: |
|
Definition
- coughing that results in laryngospasm or angioedema of the upper respiratory tract leading to a feeling of tickling in the throat
- dyspnea and wheezing resulting from edema
- initial symptoms of shock: anxiety, rapid pulse, rapid respirations, hypotension
- C/O chest pain |
|
|
Term
| RT's response to a moderate adverse reaction: |
|
Definition
- stop the infusion and notify RAD and radiology RN
- call for the emergency team if symptoms progress rapidly
- Stay w/ the pt and offer reassurance
- Prepare to administer oxygen and IV meds such as benadryl or epinephrine
- If the pt is in respiratory distress, place in a semi-fowler's position
- position pt who is vomiting so that aspiration does not occur |
|
|
Term
| Signs of a severe adverse reaction: |
|
Definition
potentially all the manifestations of previous categories of adverse reactions as well as:
- shock
- seizures
- cardiac arrest |
|
|
Term
| RT's response to a severe adverse reaction: |
|
Definition
- call a code
- notify the RAD
- prepare to use an AED (automated external defibrillator)
- prepare to administer oxygen and IV meds |
|
|
Term
| Contrast medium chosen for pediatric patients is often a ___-osmolarity agent. |
|
Definition
|
|
