Term
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Definition
| The study of INTERACTIONS of organisms with ONE ANOTHER and their physical ENVIRONMENT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invididual -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Landscape -> Global |
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Definition
| OBSERVATION of natural phenomena |
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Definition
| MECHANISM explaining a pattern |
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Definition
| Movement of individuals from their origin |
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Term
| Habitat Selection AKA Habitat Use |
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Definition
| Choice made by the organism to inhabit certain areas |
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Term
| Biotic Factors (determining habitat selection) |
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Definition
| Predator/Herbivore interactions, Competitors, Food Resources, Pollinators, Parasites/Pathogens |
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Definition
Temperature
Water
Sunlight
Chemicals |
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Definition
| an organism that produces complex ORGANIC compounds from INORGANIC compounds |
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| How do populations/species COPE with their environment? |
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Definition
Ultimate: Adaptation
Proximate: Tolerance, Avoidance |
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Definition
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Definition
the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions
(ex: polar bear fur) |
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Definition
The ability of an organism to lessen their exposure to an environmental factor
(ex: polar bear move south for winter) |
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Definition
"Evolution will produce phenotypes that allocate LIMITED RESOURCES between COMPETING PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES in such a way as to maximize fitness
-Trade offs (ex: big seeds vs. many seeds) |
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Term
| 2 Strategies for principle of allocation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
can do a lot of things, but none of them well
(ex: brown rat can eat many types of food) |
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Definition
really good at one/few things
(ex: koalas can eat eucalyptus |
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Definition
| overall pattern in life history events averaged over a species |
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Term
Life History Characteristics
(Two Major Components) |
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Definition
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Term
| life history characteristics vary: |
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Definition
among species
among individuals of one population
within invididual (plasticity) |
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| Life History Strategies list |
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Definition
size/age at maturity
size/age of reproduction
age at death
number of offspring |
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Term
| Constraints on Life: Water |
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Definition
| all organisms need water, universal solvent, medium for biochemical reactions, organisms are 60-90% water |
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Term
| Constraints on Life: Sunlight |
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Definition
| photosynthesis requires light |
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| Constraints on Life: Temperature |
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Definition
| enzymes, cell membranes, water freezing, heat leads to water loss |
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| Constraints on Life: Chemical Composition |
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Definition
| consistency, pH, nutrients, salinity |
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Definition
| A group of individuals of the same species, occupying a given area at the same time |
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Definition
| pattern of spacing among individuals vs. density |
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Definition
1. Clumped
2. Random
3. Uniform |
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Definition
| study of population vital statistics and their change through time (use life tables, survivorship curves, reproductive tables) |
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Definition
| A group of individuals of the same age |
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Definition
| plots of numbers of individuals alive over time (3 types) |
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| Survivorship Curve - Type 1 |
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Definition
low juvenile mortality
secure middle age
high old age mortality
(ex: humans) |
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Term
| Survivorship Curve - Type 2 |
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Definition
constant death rate throughout life
(ex: squirrels) |
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Term
| Survivorship Curve - Type 3 |
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Definition
high juvenile mortality
secure middle age
low old age mortality
(ex: fucking shells? idk) |
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Term
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Definition
| age-specific summary of reproductive rates |
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Term
| What factors change population size? |
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Definition
Births (+) Immigration (+)
Deaths (-) Emmigration (-) |
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Term
| Models for population growth |
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Definition
exponential
logistic
(both models assume closed population - no imm/emmigration) |
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Term
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Definition
Density-independent
population growth at its maximum rate |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate a population grows when no limits are placed on its rate of growth |
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Definition
Density-dependent (sigmoidal growth curve)
individual reproduction decreases as population size increases - will run out of resources (light,space,water,food,etc.) |
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Definition
| (k) - the maximum size that a habitat can support |
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Term
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Definition
3 main:
-when reproduction begins
-how often reproduces
-how many offspring per cycle |
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Term
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Definition
2 types:
-semelparous
-iteroparous |
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Term
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Definition
reproduces once - MANY SMALL
highly variable environments favors |
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Term
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Definition
reproduces multiple times - FEW LARGE
stable environment favors |
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Term
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Definition
density-dependent selection
-at carrying capacity
-high density, stable environment, strong competition |
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Term
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Definition
density-independent selection
-maximize r (per capita rate of increase)
-low density, unstable environments |
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Term
| What limits population size? density-independent |
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Definition
| weather, climate, natural disasters (freezes, seasonal changes, hurricanes, fires) |
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Term
| What limits population size? density-dependent |
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Definition
| competition, predation, toxic wastes, intrinsic factors (physiological/social), territoriality, disease |
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Term
| FLUCTUATIONS in population size |
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Definition
| unpredictable changes in size |
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Term
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Definition
| regular changes in population size over time |
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Definition
| an assemblage of populations that are connected to some degree |
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Definition
| more offspring produced than can coexist |
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Definition
| fewer offspring produced than can coexist |
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Definition
| a connection between two populations or patches (main function is to aid in dispersal) |
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Definition
| a population of multiple species inhabiting a COMMON ENVIRONMENT and INTERACTING WITH ONE ANOTHER |
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Definition
| the conditions that a species needs to grow, survive and reproduce |
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Definition
neg/neg
both need a common resource |
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Definition
| determined by environmental factors |
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Definition
| determined by environmental factors AND other organisms living there |
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Definition
| 2 species cannot occupy the same niche forever |
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Definition
| differences in niches among similar species |
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Definition
| neg/pos - one kills the other |
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Definition
| coloration and resemblance |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| palatable species looks like a poisonous one |
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Definition
| two unpalatable species look like each other |
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Definition
pos/neg
an animal eats a plant or alga |
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Term
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Definition
two or more species living in DIRECT AND INTIMATE CONTACT
three types:
1. parasitism
2. mutualism
3. commensalism |
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Term
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Definition
| pos/neg interaction. one organism lives IN OR ON A HOST |
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Definition
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Definition
pos/neutral interaction
one species is unaffected by the other, often one provides habitat for the other |
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Term
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Definition
pos/pos or pos/neutral
One species has positive effect on the other WITHOUT LIVING IN DIRECT CONTACT |
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Term
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Definition
| variability in different kind of organisms in community. measured with richness and abundance |
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Definition
| the number of different species |
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Definition
| proportion each species represents |
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Term
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Definition
H = -(AlnA+BlbA+ClnC)
H = diversity?
A,B,C = % abundance |
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Definition
| a summary of the feeding relationships within an ecological community |
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Definition
| transfer of food energy up the trophic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| not all energy is passed on to higher trophic levels, ONLY 10% |
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Term
| Dynamic Stability hypothesis |
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Definition
| long food chains are unstable |
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Term
| Trophic interactions - species with large effects |
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Definition
1. Dominant species
2. Keystone species
3. Ecosystem engineers |
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Term
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Definition
large or in high abundance
may provide food or habitat for others
good competitors for light,food etc.
often becomes dominant through competitive exclusion (ex: alder trees) |
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Term
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Definition
Found in LOW abundance and LOW biomass
have a big effect on community structure - starfish, wolves, prairie dogs |
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Term
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Definition
low abundance and low biomass
alter physical environment
ex: beavers, humans |
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Term
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Definition
| event that changes community by REMOVING ORGANISMS or ALTERING RESOURCE AVAILABILITY |
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Term
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Definition
| communities are constantly changing from disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| fire, flood, drought, overgrazing, human activity, storms, freezing |
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Term
| Intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
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Definition
| community diversity should be greatest at intermediate levels of disturbance |
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Term
| 2 most common types of human disturbance |
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Definition
| agriculture & overgrazing |
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Term
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Definition
| predictable changes in community composition through time |
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Term
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Definition
occurs on bare lang where NO ORGANISMS OR SOIL ARE PRESENT
ex: volcano, glacier retreat, islands |
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Term
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Definition
Regengeration of a community after a minor disturbance or damage, usually faster than primary
ex: trees blown down by wind, lighting strikes, logging |
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Term
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Definition
| the first community to be established after a disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| communities that occur in late succession and generally have stable populations |
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Term
| Biogeography and diversity - three large scale factors |
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Definition
| Latitudinal gradients, size of geographic area, importance of island size |
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Term
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Definition
species richness generally increases toward equator because:
-longer growing seasons
-fewer disturbances
-more sunlight and water! |
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Term
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Definition
-evaporation of water from soil + transpiration of water from plants
-measures solar energy input and water
-correlates with species richness |
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Term
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Definition
| larger area, more species with more diversity |
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Term
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Definition
any patch surrounded by unsuitable land:
oceanic islands, lakes, mountain peaks, woodland fragments |
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Term
| Island Equilibrium Model: 2 biotic factors |
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Definition
rate of immigration
rate of emmigration |
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Term
| Island Equilibrium Model: 2 physical factors |
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Definition
size of island
distrance from mainland |
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Term
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Definition
-evaporation of water from soil + transpiration of water from plants
-measures solar energy input and water
-correlates with species richness |
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Term
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Definition
| larger area, more species with more diversity |
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Term
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Definition
any patch surrounded by unsuitable land:
oceanic islands, lakes, mountain peaks, woodland fragments |
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Term
| Island Equilibrium Model: 2 biotic factors |
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Definition
rate of immigration
rate of emmigration |
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Term
| Island Equilibrium Model: 2 physical factors |
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Definition
| size of island distance from mainland |
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Term
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Definition
| a community of interacting organisms plus the abiotic environment they live in |
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Term
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Definition
| earth is a closed system for matter |
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Definition
| earth is an open system for matter |
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Definition
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Definition
| decomposers - consumers that get their energy from detritus |
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Term
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Definition
Gross Primary Production - amount of energy from light (or chemicals) converted to organic molecules per unit time)
-controlled by climate, nutrients and autotroph biomass |
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Term
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Definition
Net Primary Production: GPP-Ra (autotrophic respiration)
Biomass gained by a plant per unit time |
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Term
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Definition
| total biomass of autotrophs present |
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Term
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Definition
in the tropics
-longer growing season
-more precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
temperature & moisture main factors
nutrients limit primary production
-nitrogen most limiting
-phosphorus limits in older ecosystems |
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Term
| Patterns of NPP in water: Light Limitation |
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Definition
-depth of light penetration
-1/2 of light absorbed in first 15m |
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Term
| Patterns of NPP in water: Nutrients |
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Definition
| NPP primarily limited by NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY in aquatic systems (nitrogen and phosphorus) |
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Term
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Definition
| when deep, nutrient-rich waters rise to the surface of the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of behavior |
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Term
| Tinbergen's four questions |
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Definition
Prox: causation, ontogeny
Ult: function, evolutionary history |
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Term
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Definition
| deal with the cause/result for that immediate time/place |
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Definition
| deal with the cause/result over time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fixed action pattern
Reflex
Orientation |
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Term
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Definition
unlearned, unchangeable
Stimulus -> response |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic, involuntary response to direct environmental stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinated movements that occur in response to an external stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
imprinting
spatial learning
social learning
problem solving
associative learning
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
auditory
tactile
chemical
visual |
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