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| drying up of lakes & marshes |
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| Himalayas & Tibetan Plateau |
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| people who raise livestock for subsistence purposes. many of the places are too arid or too high to support human life. sedentary people live in the river valleys |
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| one of asia's least populated areas. northern & northwest china to southern mongolia |
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| dating from neolithic era. domestication of the horse made nomadic pastoralism possible |
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| islam, tibetan buddhism, christianity, judaism |
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| pashtuns interpret it strictly. kazaks interpret it more loosely. most muslims are sunni, but shi'ism is dominant among central afghanistan |
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| islam in central asia (con'td) |
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| taliban controlled afghanistan- insisted that all aspects conform to its harsh version of islamic orthodoxy. in 2001 taliban destroyed all buddhist statues |
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| mongolia and tibet are mostly lamaist buddhist. before chinese--> country was theocracy where dalai lama enjoyed political and religious authority |
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| tibetan buddhism (cont'd) |
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| chinese invaded in 1959 and persecuted lamaist buddhism. destroyed 6000 monasteries and killed thousands of monks. |
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| tibetan buddhism (cont'd) |
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| dalai lama lives in exile in india. the religion is experiencing resurgence in mongolia |
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| occupied mongolia, xinjiang, tibet, and part of kazakhstan by mid 1700s. mongolia and tibet declared independence in 1900s |
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| began conquests in 1700s finished just before soviet era (1917-1990). did not include mongolia, tibet, or afghanistan |
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| soviets imposed a socialist economy. encouraged russian immigration; foced indigenous peoples to write their languages in arabic script; established union republics |
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