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| when elemets are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physica and chemical properties |
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| are good cnductors of heat and electricity, have a high luster, and are usually malleable and ductile |
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| poor conductors of heat and electricity, tend to e brittle |
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| generally have properties similar to metals and nonmetals, their behavior can often be controlled by changing the conditions |
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| group 1a elements in the periodic table |
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| group 2a elements on the periodic table |
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| group 7a elements on the periodic table |
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| group 8a elements, the s and p sublevels of the highest occupied energy level are filled |
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| group 1a through 7a, display a wide range of physical and chemical properties, s and p sublevels of the highet occupied energy level are not filled, its group number equals the number of electron in its highet occupied energy level |
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| group 1a through 7a, display a wide range of physical and chemical properties, s and p sublevels of the highet occupied energy level are not filled, its group number equals the number of electron in its highet occupied energy level |
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| one of the groub B elements in which the highest occupieds sublevel and a nearby d sublevel generally contain electrons |
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| highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby f sublevel generally contain electrons |
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| electronsin the highest occupied energ level |
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| electronsin the highest occupied energ level |
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by Gibert Lewis
in foring compounds, atoms tend to achieve electron configurations of a noble gas |
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ions produced when atoms of chlorine and other halogens gain electrons
all halide ions have a charge of 1- |
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Definition
compounds composed of anions and cations
usually metal cations and nonmetal anions
electrically neutral |
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Definition
compounds composed of anions and cations
usually metal cations and nonmetal anions
electrically neutral |
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compounds composed of anions and cations
usually metal cations and nonmetal anions
electrically neutral |
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Definition
| the electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| the electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds |
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Definition
shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative unit of that substance
eg: NaCl |
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lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound
eg: NaCl (1:1), MgCl2 (1:2) |
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| properties of ionic compounds |
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Definition
chrystalline solids at room temperature
high melting points
can conduct an electrical current when melted or dissolve in water |
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| the number o ions of opposite charge that surroud the ion in a chrystal |
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the attraction of the free-floating valence electrons forthe positively charged metal ions
forces of attraction that hold metals together |
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mixtures composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
eg: brass=copper+zinc |
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| held together by sharing electrons |
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| neutral group of atoms joined by covalent bonds |
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| molecule consisting of two atoms |
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comound composed of molecules
tend to have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds |
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chemical formula of a molecular compound
shows how many atoms of each element a molecule contains |
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| two atoms hld together by sharing a pair of electrons |
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| represents the covalent bonds by dashes and shows the arrangement of covalently bonded atoms |
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lone pair, non-bonding pair
pair of valence electrons that is not shared between atoms |
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| bond that involves two shared pair of electrons |
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| bond formed by sharing three pairs of electrons |
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| covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons |
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a tightly bond grup of atoms that has a positive or negative charge and behaves as unit
eg: NH4+ |
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| the enery required to break the bond between two covalently bonded atoms |
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| a structure that occurs when it is possible to draw two or more valid electron dot structures |
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| the octet rule cannot be satisfied when |
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Definition
| a molecule's total number of valence electrons is an odd number |
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Definition
| consist of a single atom with a positive or negative charge resulting from the loss or gain of one ormore valence electrons |
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Definition
ions composed of more than one atom
their names usually end in -ite or -ate |
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| composed of two elements and can either be ionic or molecular |
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| prefixes for binary compounds |
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Definition
| 1 - mono, 2 - di, 3 - tri,4 - tetra, 5 - penta, 6 - hexa, 7 - hepta, 8 - octa, 9 - nona, 10 - deca |
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| law of definite proportions |
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Definition
| in samples of any chemical compound, the masses of the masses of the elements are always in the same proportions |
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| law of multiple proportions |
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Definition
| whenever the same two elements form more than one compound, he different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers |
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polyatomic ion that includes oxygen
-ate indicates more oxygen |
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| the compound is molecular |
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| roman numeral after the name of a cation |
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| shows the ionic charge of the cation |
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| 6.02 x 1023 representative particles of that substance and is in the SI unit for measuring the amount of a substance |
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Definition
6.02 x 102
the number of representative particles in a mole |
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the mass of a mole of an element
to calculte: find the number of grams of each element in one mole of the compound, then add the masses of the elements in the compound |
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| equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles |
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| standard tempeature and pressure (STP) |
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Definition
0 degrees celcius
273 K
1 atm
101.3 kPa |
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a representation of a chemical reaction
the formulas of the reactants are connectd by an arrow with the formuls of the products |
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| chemical equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products |
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| a substance that speeds up a reaction but is not used up |
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| small whole numbers that are placed in front of the formulas in an equation in order to balance it |
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| each side of the equation has the same number of each atoms of each element and mass is conserved |
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| chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance |
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| chemical change in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products |
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| single replacement reaction |
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| chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound |
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lists metal in order of decreasing activity
a reactive metal will replace any metal listed below it in the activity series |
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| double replacement reaction |
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| chemical change involving an exchange of positive ions between two compounds |
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| chemical change in which an element or compound reacts with oxygen often proucing energy in the form of heat and light |
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| the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions |
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| conversion factor derived from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation interpreted in terms of moles |
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| the energy an object has because of its motion |
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| results from the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object |
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| an empty space with no particles and no pressure |
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| results from the collision of atoms and molecules in air with objets |
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| device used to measure atmospheric pressure |
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| SI unit of pressure, very small amount |
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| standard atmosphere (atm) |
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| the pressure required to support 760 mm of mercury in a mercury barometer at 5 degrees C |
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| a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure |
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Definition
for a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with the pressure
P1 x V1=P2 x V2 |
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the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant
V1/T1=V2/T2 |
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the pressure of a gas is directly proportional tote Kelvin temperature if the volume remains constant
P1/T1=P2/T2 |
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calculations when only amount is constant
P1 x V1 /T1=P2 x V2 /T2 |
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