Term
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Definition
| a bacteria that does not contain all the essential nutrients needed to support growth i.e. amino acids (his+) |
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Term
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Definition
| a bacteria that contains all of the essential nutrients needed to support growth i.e. amino acids (his -) |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of genetic information between different species (almost always bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic transfer from mother cell to daughter cell or from parent to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria that involves direct contact between two cells and results in a one way gene transfer. (The presence of F+ and F- must be present) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria that involves the exchange of genetic material by phages carrying genetic material from one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which genetic material from dead bacteria cells is taken up from the environment (naturally or artificially) |
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Term
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Definition
| In conjugation in bacteria these strains of cells contain the fertility factor which is needed to donate genetic information (not to receive genetic information) after conjugation this cell remains F+ |
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Term
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Definition
| in conjugation between bacteria this strain of cell does not contain a fertility factor and therefore acts as the recipient of the genetic information. After conjugation this cell becomes F+ |
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Term
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Definition
1. the F+ cell forms a connecting bridge between the itself and the F- cell
2. The F+ cell cuts one strand of DNA from its plasmid and relaxase protein binds to its DNA
3. The single stranded DNA enters the transporter channel (between the inner and outer membranes in E. Coli)
4. The single stranded DNA is transferred across the pilus while the F+ DNA is being replicated
5. The donor strand becomes circularized into recipient plasmid and replicates. The F factor is re-established in the donor cell, both are now F+ |
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Term
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Definition
| phage infects bacteria, hijacks the bacteria's organelles, packages their newly replicated DNA into a protein capsid and lyse (break out of the cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| phage infects bacteri, inserts its genetic material into the host plasmid, and replicates with the host chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sometimes bacteriophage can transfer two genes to the host bacteria, this is only possible if the genes are close together on a chromosome. This phenomenon can tell researchers whether two genes are located closely together on a chromosome. |
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Term
| Steps of transformation (6) |
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Definition
1. DNA binds to bacterial surface
2. One strand of DNA is degraded by endonuclease
3. The single strand of DNA is taken up into the cell
4. The DNA recombines with the host chromosome.
5. The cell transforms
6. Genes that are close together will be co-transformed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The result when F factor is integrated into the host's genome |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosome in which the centromere is located roughly in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| A crhomosome in which the centromere is located to the left or right of the center |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosome in which the centromere is located roughly at either end. |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of a chromosome segment |
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Term
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Definition
| The repetition of a chromosomal segment as compared to the normal parental chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| The change of directions of a chromosomal segment |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of one chromosome becomes attached to another chromosome (simple and reciprocal) |
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Term
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Definition
| When a segment of a chromosome is transferred to another |
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Term
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Definition
| When two segments (one from each chromosome) switch places |
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Term
| DNA double strand break (effects) |
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Definition
| The result of environmental x-rays and things of the like. Result in terminal deletions and intersitial deletions |
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Term
| When crossing over goes wrong (effects) |
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Definition
| Can result in a deletion and a duplication |
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Term
| Errors in DNA replication (effects) |
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Definition
| can cause small deletions |
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Term
| Consequences of chromosomal deletions |
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Definition
If homozygous - almost always lethal (essential genes may lie within that regio)
If hetrozygous - often harmful (instead of two doses of a gene only one is left the remaining copy could mutate or could become homozygote by mitotic recombination) |
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Term
| Consequences of inversions |
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Definition
| Most harmless form of mutation - cross over leads to gene deletion or duplication and can affect the function of the chromosome |
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Term
| Causes and effects of translocations |
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Definition
| DNA double stranded break and faulty repair. Occurs in rare recombination between non homologous chromosomes during meiosis. The consequences vary depending on the region of DNA affected. May not have a gain or loss of genetic material and can produce defective gametes. |
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Term
| Robertsonian Translocations |
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Definition
| 2 non homologous acrocentric chromosomes fuse to become one long metacentric chromosome. (Familial down syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms containing a complete set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism with either an incomplete set or extra chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| polyploid containing chromosomes from different species |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which cells adjust the uneven X chromosome dosage between sexes. |
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Term
| Fredrick Griffith's Experiments |
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Definition
| Injected mouse with rough strain (non virulent) --> mouse lives. Inject with smooth strain (virulent) --> mouse dies. Inject with heat killed rough strain --> mouse lives. Inject with heat killed smooth strain and live rough strain --> mouse dies. Evidence that DNA is genetic material (transformation of virulent strain is taken up by the nonvirulent rough strain). |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated the findings of Frederick Griffith but added another step. When the strains were treated with an enzyme that degrades proteins or RNA --> virulent strain still transformed. When strains were treated with an enzyme that could degrade DNA --> Transformation didn't occur |
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Term
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Definition
| (transduction) Evidence that DNA carry genetic information. Labeled the protein capsid with radioactive Sulfur which is found in proteins and labeled DNA with radioactive Phosphorus (found in deoxynucleotides). After the phages infected the bacteria, the scientists determined that only the radioactive Phosphorus was found inside the bacteria and the Sulfur. |
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Term
| Type of bond between dioxynucleotides |
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Definition
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Term
| Packaging of a chromosome (least to most) |
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Definition
| DNA (2nm) --> Nucleosomes (DNA wrapped around histone proteins) (11nm) --> 30 nm fiber --> radial loops (300 nm) --> chromosome (700 nm) |
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Term
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Definition
| One gene that influences many seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits |
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Term
| Composition of chromosomes |
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Definition
| 1/3 DNA, 2/3 protein, trace of RNA |
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Term
| Composition of chromosomes |
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Definition
| 1/3 DNA, 2/3 protein, trace of RNA |
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Term
| Composition of chromosomes |
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Definition
| 1/3 DNA, 2/3 protein, trace of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Lightly compact region on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Tightly condensed regions on a chromosome (telomeres and centromere) |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of DNA to mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of RNA to proteins |
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Term
| Regulatory Sequence in DNA |
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Definition
| The site of binding for regulatory proteins (which regulate the rate of transcription). These sequences can be found in a variety of locations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The site for RNA polymerase binding - signals the beginning of transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signals the end of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Found on mRNA - translation begins here with the binding of a ribosome. In eukaryotes the ribosome scans the mRNA for a start codon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can result in a different protein from the same gene |
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Term
| Violations of the Central Dogma (3) |
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Definition
1.Viruses with RNA genomes (HIV) use reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of its genome after infection.
2. Telomerase uses RNA template to synthesize DNA repeats at chromosome ends
3. Retro-transposons |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of a purine (common) results in an apurinic site which could be filled with whichever nucleotide is available |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of an amino group (cytosine --> uracil) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hot spots for mutations may create a hairpin loop |
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Term
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Definition
| Plate specific bacteria on minimal media and in the presence of certain amino acids to see what type of autotroph the bacteria is. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plate specific bacteria on minimal media and in the presence of certain amino acids to see what type of autotroph the bacteria is. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixing of thymidine dimers caused by UV |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixes abnormal or incorrect bases |
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Term
| Nucleotide excision repair |
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Definition
| fixes incorrect neucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| repair during DNA replication in E. Coli - corrects mistakes made by DNA polymerase during replication |
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Term
| Double strand break repair (non-homologous end joining) |
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Definition
| Proteins bind to double strand breaks, trims back a few bases, joins the ends, fills in and ligates, results in the loss of a few nucleotides. |
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Term
| Double strand break repair (homologous recombination repair) |
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Definition
| Double strand breaks are trimmed to make single strand regions. One strand from a sister chromosome is borrowed to use as a template. Fill in gaps. Cut and ligate. |
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Term
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Definition
the presence of two or more genotypes of cell from a single zygote in an organism. Can arise in somatic cells in one of 3 ways
1. mitotic nondisjuncion
2. x-inactivation
3. mitotic recombination |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene that plays a special role in specifying the final identity of a body region |
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Term
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Definition
| Found to affect the development of eyes in rodents and humans |
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Term
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Definition
| chooses individuals at one end of the phenotypic range |
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Term
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Definition
| favors extreme over intermediate phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| selects intermediate phenotypes over extremes |
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Term
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Definition
| when individuals do not mate randomly |
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Term
| positive assortative mating |
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Definition
| when individuals are more likely to mate with those who are similar phenotypically to themselves |
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Term
| negative assortative mating |
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Definition
| when individuals are less likely to make with those who are similar to them phenotypically |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in reproductive success as a cause of inbreeding |
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