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| Field of study in which researches from many disciplines work to describe and understand the important changes that take place as children grow through childhood |
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| Component of development related to growth in size, strength, and muscle coordination |
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| Component of development related to changes in how children perceive the world, think, remember information, and communicate |
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| Socioemotional Development |
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| Component of development related to changes I how children interact with other people and manage their emotions |
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| The biological forces that govern development |
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| The environmental supports and conditions that impact development |
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| Lies completely below the level of conscious awareness and represents the primitive sexual and aggressive instincts that humans inherited through evolution |
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| The rational branch of personality; it tries to negotiate realistic ways to satisfy the id’s impulses |
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| Superego (Moral Principle) |
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| Represents the moral branch of personality and contains our ethical principles, ideals, and conscience |
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| The process of bringing new objects or information into a scheme that already exists in the mind. |
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| the process of adjusting or adapting a scheme so it better fits the new experience. |
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| Psychology A verbalized, but internal monologue that accounts for 20–60% of the remarks made by a child |
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| Zone of Proximal development |
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| The distance between the current maximum independent performance level of the child and the tasks the child can perform if guided by adults or more capable peers |
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| Support given to a child as he or she develops a new mental function or learns to perform a particular task |
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| The union of the fathers sperm cell with the mother’s egg, yielding one fertilized cell with a unique combination of genes along 46 chromosomes |
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| The genetic code a person inherits |
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| The observable trait a person shows, resulting in part from the genotype they inherit |
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| Term used to refer to the human organism after the fertilized egg cell begins to divide |
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| the developing organism from fertilization to the end of the eighth week |
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| from nine weeks after fertilization until birth. |
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| a chromosome that determines the sex of individuals |
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| Experience- dependent development |
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| Development of specific skills in which new synapses form to code the experience |
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| Experience-expectant development |
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| Development of universal skills in which excess synapses form and are pruned according to experience |
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| is the common inability of adults to remember the earliest years of their childhood. |
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| Scores of two variables tend to run in the same direction |
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| Scores of two variable have an inverse direction |
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| A type of research design that studies development by comparing groups of children of different ages against one another at the same point in time |
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| A type of research deisgn that studies development by measuring or observing the same children across time as they grow and mature |
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| that the researches systematically manipulate in an experiment |
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| represents the outcome that is dependent on the manipulation of the independent variable |
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| Groups to prevent such factors from differing systematically between the groups |
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| All of the people inhabiting a specified area |
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| A portion, piece, or segment that is representative of a whole |
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| group of people who receive a placebo |
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| group of subjects that are exposed to the variable of a control experiment |
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| The tendency to pick activities and environments that fit with our genetic predispositions |
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| To make susceptible or liable |
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| Pattern of growth where areas in the head or upper body tend to form and grow before the areas in the lower body grow |
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| Pattern of growth where areas closer to the center of the body tend to form and grow before the areas toward the extremities grow |
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| Any substance or condition that might disrupt prenatal development and cause birth defects |
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| a syndrome of birth defects caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. Includes growth deficiencies, head and facial malformations, and central nervous system dysfunction |
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SIDS
(Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) |
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| Sudden death of an infant before 1 year of age that is not explained by autopsy, medical history, or investigation of the scene of death |
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Receivers, receive messages
Do not meet vesicles |
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| At end, transmit messages |
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Hold chemicals, neurotransmitters
Do not meet dendrites |
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| Fatty tissue, make messages go faster |
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| One foot up one foot down |
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| A brief assessment of the newborn conducted at 1 and 5 minutes after birth; used to identify newborns who are at risk and need medical attention |
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Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Designed to assess health of infants |
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| The tendency of infants to reduce their response to stimuli that are presented repeatedly |
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| The recovery or increase in infant’s response when a familiar stimulus is replaced by one that is novel |
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| The fact that objects, events, and people continue to exist even when they are out of a child’s direct line of sensory input or motor action |
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| Theory that sees language as an innate human capability that develops when language input triggers a language acquisition device in the brain |
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Language acquisition device
A brain mechanism in humans that is specialized for acquiring and processing language |
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| Segments of time when structures are first forming and are most vulnerable to damage |
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| An emotional tie to a specific other person or people that endures across time and space |
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