Term
| How did Pasteur finally disprove the theory of spontaneous generation |
|
Definition
| He used test tubes with cotton to filter the microbes from getting to growth media to show no new growth. He also used a special curved glass tube that would keep microbes from entering the flask. |
|
|
Term
| What is Robert Koch known for |
|
Definition
He showed organisms can be pathogenic
Certain organisms cause certain disease |
|
|
Term
| What does endosymbiotic theory propose; what are some of the supporting evidence |
|
Definition
The theory of the origin of Eukaryotic cells Mitochondria is about the same size as early prokaryotes Mitochondrion has its own DNA. |
|
|
Term
| What does the gram stain tell us about a bacterium |
|
Definition
If it has a thick or thin peptidoglycan layer positive or negative. |
|
|
Term
| Tell me about the role of these in bacteria: (cytoplasmic membrane; pili, golgi) |
|
Definition
Cytoplasmic membrane — semi permeable, allows for selective passage. Pili — hair like structure used for attachment. Golgi — not in bacteria. But used for packing and distribution. |
|
|
Term
| What processes make a aerobic cell much more efficient at producing ATP |
|
Definition
The electron transport chain Oxidation of Acetyl CoA. |
|
|
Term
| Give me two examples of cells that can do both aerobic and anaerobic reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by saying that the genetic code is degenerate |
|
Definition
| More than 1 nucleotide triplet can code for an amino acid |
|
|
Term
| Where is the anticodon found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Griffith found that a competent cell is required for this process to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of transduction |
|
Definition
| A virus can introduce DNA picked up from other cells and introduce them into the cell it is infecting |
|
|
Term
| Conjugation readily occurs in this group of bacteria; what benefit is often conferred to cells undergoing conjugation |
|
Definition
| Gram negative rods; Antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
| Of what value is the process of lysogeny |
|
Definition
| Viral DNA is introduced into host cell and is later reproduced once it reenters the lytic cycle, more cells will be infected |
|
|
Term
| Lacking a TEM (electron microscope); how can you tell if a virus is or is not present: (give me 4 ways) |
|
Definition
Plaque formation on bacteria colony Antibody detection Fluorescent microscope Signs & Symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What 3 animals can be simultaneously infected with each other’s influenza strains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you isolate a pure (axenic) culture |
|
Definition
Streak plate Pour plate Spread plate |
|
|
Term
| What are the selective and differential components of MacConkey’s agar |
|
Definition
Selective: Bile salts; Crystal violet Differential: Lactose |
|
|
Term
| How does the medium component agar support microbial growth |
|
Definition
It is inert Fortified with macro & micro nutrients, vitamins Nice solid surface to grow on Clear, so it is easy to see colony growth |
|
|
Term
| What are at least 2 environmental factors that can influence microbial growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A typical microbial growth curve is created from samples taken periodically from an incubating flask; how does this model differ from the real world |
|
Definition
Continuous flux in the conditions Availability of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What does pasteurization accomplish for products such as milk |
|
Definition
Kills all pathogens Extends the shelf life of the milk by reducing the bacteria in the milk |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between x-rays and ultraviolet light used to control microbial growth |
|
Definition
UV light will only work on the surface x-rays will penetrate though something. |
|
|
Term
| Why would salvarsan (cmpd 606) not make it past FDA testing today |
|
Definition
It has unacceptable side affects It is arsenic based compound |
|
|
Term
| What 3 variables influence the size of the zone of inhibition around an antibiotic disk on a Kirby-Bauer plate |
|
Definition
Amount of drug used Size of Molecule Organisms sensitivity to the drug |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the mode of action of sulfa drugs; how is the drug resistance to sulfa drugs avoided now in 2008 |
|
Definition
Sulfa drugs block folic acid metabolism Sulfa is now used in combinations |
|
|
Term
| Tell me 3 disinfectants that can be used as antiseptics on or in a human being |
|
Definition
Iodine Alcohol Quaternary Ammonium salts |
|
|
Term
| What 3 defenses help to protect your gastrointestinal tract from infection |
|
Definition
Peristaltic movement Normal flora Stomach acid |
|
|
Term
| List 3 sterile sites that can be found in the body |
|
Definition
Brain Blood CSF Lower Respiratory Tract Kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disadvantages of having a normal flora |
|
Definition
Tooth decay LPS toxicity Opportunistic Pathogens |
|
|
Term
| When histamines are released by mast cells, what are 3 effects they have on the host |
|
Definition
Leaky capillaries Mucous production Smooth muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| How do desensitization shots act to prevent type I allergy |
|
Definition
| T cell suppressors down regulate the production of IgE by repeated exposure to the antigen |
|
|
Term
| How does poison ivy oil become antigenic: (able to cause type IV allergy) |
|
Definition
| It causes macrophages to think it is a foreign substance by binding to the dead skin cell proteins |
|
|
Term
| When after exposure to poison ivy does maximum immune response occure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What immune cells normally express MHC II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which classes of Ig can benefit the fetus/neonate by preventing infections |
|
Definition
IgA – breastmilk IgG - Placenta |
|
|
Term
| Compare primary and secondary antibody response to the same non-self antigen (peptide) |
|
Definition
Primary response is SLOW Secondary response is FAST |
|
|
Term
| Which immune cells assist B cells in clonally expanding and maturing into Ig secreting plasma and memory cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 reasons that vaccination schedules are organized as they are |
|
Definition
Compliance Age & risk to patient They do what works |
|
|
Term
| What cell parts are used for immunization: |
|
Definition
Capsule Whole cell Weakened or inactivated virus |
|
|
Term
| What cells are passively transferred to burn wound patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This Ig class is never secreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During diphtheria infection what sites in the body are actually infected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Therapy for diphtheria involves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholera enterotoxin causes these effects on the host |
|
Definition
Messes up the ion flow Diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| How does ORT for Cholera therapy actually work |
|
Definition
| It allows ions & water to be absorbed early in the small intestine because of the salt& sugar in the water |
|
|
Term
| How does botulism toxin work |
|
Definition
| It blocks neural – muscle interface by blocking Ach release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Debridement Active & Passive immunizations Penicillin Supportive care |
|
|
Term
| Cardiolipin is used for diagnosis of the disease; why is it used |
|
Definition
| Syphilis; it binds to the syphilis antibody |
|
|
Term
| Tell me about tertiary syphilis |
|
Definition
Chronic DTH development Extensive tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| Describe the chronic nature of gonorrhea infection in females |
|
Definition
Asymptomatic Scaring of the fallopian tubes, ultimately scaring of the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| What does acid fastness imply about the bacterial cell wall structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tell me about antibiotic therapy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| Antibiotics used in pairs to avoid resistance |
|
|
Term
| List 3 new diseases that have been identified since 1970 |
|
Definition
Aids/HIV West Nile SARS Legionnaires |
|
|
Term
| Hantavirus spread was related to this event |
|
Definition
| Increase in deer mouse population |
|
|
Term
| Trichomonas vaginalis shows these symptoms in which gender |
|
Definition
| Female; Malodorous creamy green discharge |
|
|
Term
| This hepatitis virus can do lysogeny; what does this event correlate with |
|
Definition
| Hepatitis B; Liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| What mechanism is responsible for the drug resistance often seen with AIDS infection |
|
Definition
Non compliance Rapid mutations by the virus |
|
|
Term
| What is the role played by the BCG vaccine in preventing disease |
|
Definition
| Attenuated vaccine strain for TB used in traditional cultures |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 pathogens we have discussed during this part of the course that can do lysogony |
|
Definition
AIDS Diptheria Hepatitis B Herpes |
|
|
Term
| Why do lice colonize people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does Cholera interact with a human host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgA resolves cholera; how long does this protection last |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ORT and how does it work |
|
Definition
Oral Rehydration Therapy Hand full of sugar, hand full of salt and a bucket of water. Rehydrate by mouth |
|
|
Term
| How does the tetanus toxin work |
|
Definition
| Blocks synaptic inhibition |
|
|
Term
| How is infant botulism different from the adult form of the disease |
|
Definition
| With infant botulism the toxin is made in the intestinal tract then absorbed |
|
|
Term
| Describe stage II syphilis |
|
Definition
Spirochetes cause systemic Skin rash Low grade fever In 2 – 3 months 2/3 of the infected people clear infection |
|
|
Term
| Why is Neisseria gonorrhea hard to prevent |
|
Definition
Drug resistants Asymptomatic people No long term immunity after you have the infection People become infectious right away |
|
|
Term
| Describe the initial occurrence of primary TB |
|
Definition
Inhale the organism Causes infection Goes systemic to all oxygenated places T cells & macrophages beat it back into dormancy |
|
|
Term
| In the USA, how is TB diagnosed & treated |
|
Definition
Diagnosed Positive skin test X-ray Culture Treated with pairs of drugs |
|
|
Term
| How is BCG used with regard to disease control |
|
Definition
| It’s an attenuated vaccine for TB |
|
|
Term
| How did the 7th cholera pandemic reach S. America and disperse around the continent |
|
Definition
Brought over in the hull of a Chinese ship Corruption kept money from reaching water treatment plants |
|
|
Term
| Chronic infections is characteristic of what blood born hepatitis virus |
|
Definition
Hepatitis C Over decade’s, leads to liver failure |
|
|
