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Final Review 1030
Quiz
438
Pharmacology
Post-Graduate
11/16/2011

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Abuse
Definition
the excessive or improper use of a substance, person, or animal
Term
Administer
Definition
to give
Term
Addiction
Definition
the physical or psychological dependancy on a substance
Term
Bioassay
Definition
the process of determining the strength and quality of a drug by testing it on an animal or isolated organ.
Term
Biologics
Definition
term used for a class of meds (either approved or developed) that are produced by means of biological process involving recombinant DNA technology. Example: vaccines, blood, etc...
Term
Biotechnology
Definition
the biological and engineering study of the relationship between human beings and machines
Term
Controlled substances
Definition
a drug that has the potential for addiction and abuse. Example: cocaine, narcotics, opium, depressants.
Term
Dispense
Definition
to prepare and give out
Term
Genetic Engineering
Definition
the synthesis, alteration, or repair of genetic materials through the application of engineering principles.
Term
Narcotids
Definition
producing sleep or stupor. A narcotic drug is one that depresses the central nervous system and, in moderate dosage, relieves pain, and produces sleep. Most narcotics are habit-forming.
Term
Pharmacopeia
Definition
authorized publication on drug and their preparations. Generally refers to book containing formulas and into that provides a standard for preparation and dispensation of drugs
Term
Practicioner
Definition
One who has met the professional and legal requirements of a certain occupation or profession.
Term
Prescribe
Definition
To order or recommend the use of a drug, diet, or other form of therapy
Term
Pharmacology
Definition
the study of drugs (science, origin, history, source, physical, and chemical properties).
Term
Pharmacodynamics
Definition
the study of drugs and their action on living organisms
Term
Pharmacognosy
Definition
The science of natural drugs and their physical, botanical, and chemical properties.
Term
Pharmacogenetics
Definition
A new science of personalizing drug treatment according to genetics variation of the individual patient.
Term
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
the study of the metabolism and action of drug within the body
Term
Pharmacotherapeutics
Definition
the study of drugs and their relationships to the treatment of disease
Term
Toxicity
Definition
The study of poisons
Term
State the five medical uses of drugs
Definition
Therapeutic use, Diagnostic use, Curative use, Replacement use, and Preventive/Prophylactic use
Term
State the importance of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Definition
to control the prescription, administration, dispensation, sale, posession, and manufacturate of drugs.
Term
Give the three names assigned to a drug
Definition
chemical:the formula
genetic: official name
brand name: when a genetic drug is manufactured by more than one pharmaceutical company, the name under their own unique trade or brand name.
Term
Drugs prepared from roots, herbs, bark, and other forms of plant life are among
Definition
the earliest known pharmaceuticals and its origin can be traced back to primitive cultures to evoke magical powers and to drive out the evil
Term
the pharmacologically active ingredient of this substance (curare) facilitate ________, and like many of the compounds discovered by primitive groups, it is still used today
Definition
muscle relaxation
Term
the dried leaf of the purple foxglove plant is a source of ____, which is a ____ used in the treatment of congestion heart failure.
Definition
digitalis
Term
the ____plant is a rich source of iodine, a nonmetalic element.
____ (synthetic conjugated estrogens) which is synthesized from soy and yam plant, and its prescribed for ____ and ____ women for estrogen replacement therapy.
Definition
kelp
Cenestin
menopausal
Postmenopausal
Term
extract of the saw palmetto plant ____ appears to be effective in easing the symptoms of BPH _____which is a common age-related swelling of the ____ which affects up to 40% of ____ from age ______ and older
Definition
Serenoa repens
benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostate gland
men
70
Term
Premanin is produced from the urine of a _____ and it is prescribed for moderate to severe_____
Definition
pregnant mare
vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause
Term
Minerals. Ex: Sulfur, a nonmetallic element, and is a key ingredient for _____drugs.
Definition
Bacteriostatic
Term
_____may be produced by organic means or created synthetically from ingredients that make up its chemical formula

Advantages:
Definition
Chloromycetin

they can be produced in great volume they are less expensive than organic meds
Term
Define E. Coli
Definition
Escherichia Coli
Term
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act protects the public by _____.
Definition
ensuring the purity, strength, and composition of food, drugs, and cosmetics.
it also prohibits the movement in interstate commerce, of adultered and misbranded food, drugs, and cosmetics.
Term
CSA controls _____.
Definition
Controlled Substances Act controlsthe manufacture, importation, compounding, selling, dealing in, and giving away of drugs that have the potential for addiction and abuse.
This drugs are known as controlled substances. Ex: cocaine, opium, narcotics, depressants, etc.
Term
DEA (Drug Enforcement Adm.) Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act must be renewed every ____
Definition
3 yrs
Term
Controlled substances are classified by five drug schedule. Explain
Definition
C-I: high potential for abuse, not accepted. Ex: hashish, hashish oil, LSD, mariguana, peyote, heroin, etc

C-II: high potential for abuse, accepted. Ex: cocaine, porphine, opium, amytal, demoral

C-III: low to moderate potential for physical dependancy, high potential for psychological dependancy. Accepted. Ex: Doriden, Marinol, Nalline, Noludar.

C-IV: low potential for abuse. Accepted. Ex: Ativan, barbital, Clonopin, Equanil, Serax

C-V: lowest potential for abuse. Accepted. Ex: Robitussin A-C, Donnagel, lomotil, Actified
Term
USP-NF
Definition
US Pharmacopeia-National Formulatory.
official list of standarized drugs
Term
Drug dosage is _____.
The dosage prescribed is based upon ____.
Definition
the amount of medicine prescribed for administration.
Weight, sex, and age of patient.
Term
Pediatric patient group
This group requires a _______ amount of medication because of differences in gastrointestinal function, body, composition, metabolism, and reduced renal function.
Definition
Newborn: 0-4 weeks
Infants: 5-52 weeks
Child: 1 year-16 years
Adolescent: 12-16 years

smaller
Term
Certain drugs that are used ward off or lessen the severity of a disease are called
Definition
Preventive/prophylactic agents
Term
The _____name of a drug is its official name
Definition
genetic
Term
Humulin is a type of insulin that is obtained _____
Definition
through the process of genetic engineering
Term
The federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act do what?
Definition
protects the public and prohibits the movement in interstate commerce, of adulterate and missbranded food, drugs,devices, and cosmetics
Term
_____ includes drugs that have an accepted medical use with certain restrictions
Definition
C-I: Schedule I
Term
Federal Law requires that all controlled substances be _____
Definition
stored in a substantially constructed metal box/compartment that is equipped with a double lock and kept separeated from other drugs.
Term
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act specifies that a drug is official when it is listed in the _____
Definition
USP-NF
US Pharmacopeia-National Formulatory
Term
The _____ is published annually by Delmar Cengage Learning
Definition
PDR Nurse's Drug Handbook
Term
Drugs included on the FDA website are organized by the
Definition
application number
Term
The amount of med that is prescribed for administration is known as the
Definition
dosage
Term
Factors that affect drug dosage are
Definition
age, weight, sex
pregnancy and lactation
disease process
Term
Pediatric patients require a _____ amount of a med than adults
Definition
smaller
Term
The geriatric patient requires special considerations because of
Definition
changes in body functions
changes in body composition
decresed gastrointestinal function
Term
______ is the summation of a drug in the body after repeated medication
Definition
Cummulative dose
Term
Herceptin
Narcotic
Definition
a biologic indicated for breast cancer
producing sleep or stupor
Term
types of dosages
Definition
initial dose: first dose
average dose: most effective with minimum toxic effect
loading dose: first larger dose
maintenance dose: at therapeutics level
Minimum dose: smallest, but effective
maximum dose: largest, but safe
divided dose: fractional portion, but short interval
Cummulative dose; sum of drug in bloodstream
lethal dose: amount, could kill
Therapeutic dose: amount needed to be effective.
Toxic dose: amount causes toxicity
Term
physicians consider mental and physical state of health of the individual to determine an appropriate dosage for this patient
Definition
Geriatric patients
Term
Define Form
Definition
Shape, structure, and size pf anything that distinguishes it from another object
Term
homogeneous
Definition
similar or same in structure, composition, or nature
Term
solvent
Definition
that in which a substance is dissolved
Term
suspended
Definition
large particles of a drug are dispersed or scattered in a liquid
Term
types of drug preparation
Definition
liquids, solids, and semisolids
Term
Liquid Preparations
drugs that has been dissolved or suspended
Definition
emolsions, Solution, mixtures and suspension, syrups, elixirs, tinctures, spirits, lotions, liniments, sprays, aerosols
Term
Emulsion
Definition
drop of oil in water, or water in oil
Term
solution
Definition
one or more drugs dissolved in solvent
Term
mixtures and suspensions
Definition
drugs mixed with liquid, but not dissolved
Term
syrups
Definition
drugs dissolved in sugar and water, then flavored
Term
elixirs
Definition
drugs dissolved in alcohol and water, then sweetened and flavored
Term
tinctures
Definition
dissolved in alcohol and water
Term
spirits
Definition
alcohol solution of volatile (easily vaporized)
Term
lotion
Definition
aqueous preparations to treat skin
Term
liniments
Definition
to produce feeling of heat
Term
sprays
Definition
to treat nose or throat conditions
Term
aerosols
Definition
use to propellent/contain medication
Term
solid & semisolid Preparations
Definition
Capsules: dissolve in the stomach/gastrointestinal tract
Gelcaps: oil-based
Caplets: coated, solid.
Tablets: compressed powder
Chewable: designed to be chewed
Effervescent: grains that releases gas. Ex: salt
Vaginal: dissolves in vagina
Troches/Lozenges: oblong disk/candy-like base
Suppositoties (semisolid) insert in rectum, vagina, or urethra
Ointment (semisolid): externally used
Creams (semisolid): white, nongreasy, and water base.
Term
Define drug
Definition
medicinal substances that may alter or modify the function of a living organism
Term
Routes of administration
Definition
Subcutaneous: beneath skin
Intradermal: within the dermis
Intramuscular: within the muscle
Inrtravenous: within the vein
Intra-articular: within the joint
Term
Drug Delivery Systems
Definition
Transdermal: small adhesive patch/disk
Ocular therapeutic: ultrathing plastic membrane placed inside the lower eyelid
Implantable device: positioned beneath the skin, near the blood vessels.
Fast-Dissolving (FDDS): dissolve fast in the saliva without water. The paper-thin film is 2" and comes in strips.
Term
Groups of drugs
Definition
those that act directly upon one or more tissues in the body.

those that act upon microorganisms invading the body (antibiotics).

those that replace body chemicals and secretions (hormones)
Term
Selective action of a drug
Definition
drugs that act upon certain tissues or specific organ.
Ex:
Stimulants: increases cell activity.(caffeine)
Depressants: decreases cell activity. (morphine)
Term
Antagonist Action of a drug
Definition
drugs that binds to a cellular receptor for a hormone blocking the action of that substance without producing any drug effect itself.
(getting rid of one to block
Term
Agonist action of a drug
Definition
drugs that has affinity for the cellular receptor of another drug to produce a drug.
(need to block)
Term
local action of a drug
Definition
to act on an area to which it is administered
Term
remote action of a drug
Definition
applied to a drug affecting a part of the body that is distant from the site of administration
Term
specified action of a drug
Definition
drug that has a particular effect on a certain pathogenic organism
Term
synergistic action of a drug
Definition
when one drug is used or increased the action of another.
Ex: Phenergan increases the effect of Demerol
Term
Systemic Action of a drug
Definition
when in the bloodstream as a result of injection or absorption, is carried throughout the body
Term
undesirable actions of drugs
Definition
Adverse reaction: unfavorable, harmful, unintended result of a drug

Interaction: when one drug potentiates/diminishes the action of another
Term
factors that affect drug action
Definition
absorption: drug passes into body fluids and tissues
Distribution: drug is transported from blood to the intended site
Biotransformation: chemical alteration that a drug undergoes in the body
Elimination: when substances are excreted from the body
Term
_______ is a neurotransmitter that is thought to play an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses and myocardial junctions
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
_______ is an enzyme that destroys acetylcholine and readies muscle fibers for the next nerve impulse
Definition
Acetylcholinesterase
Term
Drugs that relieve the swelling, tenderness, redness, and pain of inflammation are known as ________.
Definition
anti-inflammatory agents
Term
The Food and Drug Administration has indicated new labeling for Tylenol (acetaminophen) and Motrin (ibuprofen). For Motrin, the label warns of the risk of ______.
Definition
stomach bleeding for those who drink three or more alcoholic beverages daily
Term
The Food and Drug Administration has indicated new labeling for Tylenol (acetaminophen) and Motrin (ibuprofen). For Tylenol, the label warns of the risk of ________.
Definition
liver damage
Term
The adverse reactions of aspirin include ______.
Definition
rapid pulse, tinnitus, and GI distress
Term
The Food and Drug Administration has indicated new labeling for Tylenol (acetaminophen) and Motrin (ibuprofen). For Motrin, there is an additional warning about allergy alert. It may cause ______.
Definition
hives, facial swelling, wheezing, and/or shock.
Term
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are recommended in early rheumatoid arthritis to ______.
Definition
limit irreversible joint damage.
Term
Antirheumatic agents may be used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis include ______.
Definition
gold preparations, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and pencillamine
Term
In patients treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, it is important that the patients understand that serious gastrointestinal toxicity can occur at any time, with or without warning. Serious gastrointestinal toxicity includes ______.
Definition
bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine.
Term
Individuals taking centrally acting muscle relaxants should be advised that these agents may _____
Definition
cause drowsiness, dizziness, and blurred vision, produce an additive effect when taken in combination with other CNS depressants, and impair their ability to drive a vehicle
Term
Antitumor necrosis factor drugs seem to do all of the following except______.

a) slow, if not halt the destruction of the joints

b) act to preempt the autoimmune response

c) replace lost cartilage

d)have evolved out of the biotechnology industry
Definition
replace lost cartilage
Term
Serious infections and sepsis, including fatalities, have been reported with the antitumor necrosis factor drug ________.
Definition
Enbrel (etanercept)
Term
Drowsiness, dizziness, rash, erythemia, nausea, anorexia, jaundice, and liver damage are adverse reactions of _____.
Definition
Paraflex
Term
Normal aging changes that predispose an older adult to falls include all of the following except_____.

a)poor vision
b) bone lose strength
c) increased reaction time
d) medical problems
Definition
increased reaction time
Term
Neuromuscular blocking agents may be used to ____.
Definition
relieve laryngospasm and facilitate endotracheal intubation
Term
Headache, dizziness, and bradycardia are adverse reactions of ____.
Definition
Mytelase
Term
All of the following are ways to help prevent sports injuries in children except ______.

a) adequate warm-up and cool-down periods should be allowed

b) the choice of a sports activity should not be determined by the child's physical and mental ability

c) the child should have a regular exercise program

d) proper nutrition and adequate fluids are necessary
Definition
the choice of a sports activity should not be determined by the child's physical and mental ability
Term
Skeletal muscle stimulants act by _____.
Definition
inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase
Term
Fear, agitation, restless, nausea, epigastric discomfort, muscle cramps, fasciculations, and pallor are adverse reactions of _____.
Definition
Prostigmin bromide
Term
chrysotherapy
Definition
the use of gold compounds as treatment, especially for rheumatoid arthritis
Term
corticosteroid
Definition
any number of hormonal steroid substances that are secreted by the adrenal cortex
Term
prostaglandins
Definition
a group of hormonelike unsaturated fatty acids that are present in many body tissues
Term
cyclooxygenase
Definition
an enzyme involved in normal cellular function and the inflammatory response
Term
receptor
Definition
an enzyme that inactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Term
_____ agents are used to relieve pain
Definition
Analgesics
Term
_____ agents are used to relieve pain
Definition
Analgesics
Term
the natural and synthetic drugs derived from morphine are known as
Definition
opiates
Term
the natural and synthetic drugs derived from morphine are known as
Definition
opiates
Term
tylenol act as ______
Definition
analgesic/antipyretic
Term
tylenol act as ______
Definition
analgesic/antipyretic
Term
_____ agents are used to relieve pain
Definition
Analgesics
Term
the natural and synthetic drugs derived from morphine are known as
Definition
opiates
Term
tylenol act as ______
Definition
analgesic/antipyretic
Term
an effective hypnotic should _____
Definition
have fairly rapid reaction, produce near-normal sleep, and not give the patient a delayed effect the next day
Term
Psychological and physical dependency can result from the use of
Definition
barbiturates
Term
residual sedation, vertigo, and vomiting are commonly associated adverse effects of
Definition
barbiturates
Term
Benzodiazepines that are recognized as effective sedative-hypnotics are
Definition
flurazepan HCL, temazepam, and triazolam
Term
Anti-parkinsonian drugs are used for the palliative relief of
Definition
bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and disorders of equilibrium
Term
______ are drugs that interfere with the conduction of nerve impulses and are used to produce loss of sensation, muscle relaxation, and/or complete loss of conciousness
Definition
anesthetics
Term
_________ is a term used to describe an illusion of movement
Definition
vertigo
Term
ophthalmic drugs are used
Definition
in the treatment of glaucoma, during diagnostic examination of the eye, and in intraocular surgery
Term
adverse reactions of Diamox include
Definition
paresthesia, drowsiness, tinnitus, and nausea
Term
adverse reactions of Neo-Synephrine include ________
Definition
stinging, browache, and sensitivity to light
Term
Mydriatic drugs are used primarily
Definition
as an aid in refraction, during internal exam of the eye, and in intraocular surgery and in the treatment of anterior uveitis and secondary glaucoma
Term
all of the following classifications of drugs are used to treat vertigo, motion sickness, and vomiting except

a)anticholinergic
b)antihistaminic
c)antidopaminergic
d)antipyretic
Definition
antidopaminergic
Term
Drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth, and fatigue are adverse reactions of
Definition
Dramamine
Term
sympathomimetic
Definition
that which inhibits; a chemical substance that stops enzyme activity
Term
agonist
Definition
that which imitates the sympathetic nervous system; adrenergic
Term
analgesic
Definition
a drug that has infinity for the cellular receptors of another drug or natural substance and produces a physiological effect
Term
dopamine
Definition
an enzyme that catalyzes union of water and carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid
Term
inhibitor
Definition
a catecholamine synthesized by the adrenal gland
Term
anhydrase
Definition
agents used to relieve pain
Term
carbonic
Definition
the transparent liquid contained in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
Term
carbonic anhydrase
Definition
pertaining to carbon
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
an enzyme that promotes the removal of water from a chemical compound
Term
A softening of bones or increased porosity of bones seen most often in aging women is called
Definition
osteosporosis
Term
estrogen preparations may be used for
Definition
amenorrhea, dysfunctional bleeding, and hirsutism
Term
women who should not consider the NuvaRing include all of the following except those with a ____

a)history of blood clot
b)history of smoking
c)hisotry of heart attack, stroke, and high cholesterol
d)history of diabetes
Definition
history of not smoking
Term
adverse reactions to estrogens are
Definition
nausea, edema, and fullness of the breasts
Term
progesterone preparations may be used for
Definition
prevention of uterine bleeding, infertility, and threatened or habitual miscarriage.
Term
the most common side effects of Ortho Evra include all of the following except

a)breast tenderness
b)headache
c)nausea
d)all of these
Definition
nausea, headache, and breast tenderness
Term
________ oral contraceptive preparations provide a fixed concentration of hormones throughout the entire cycle
Definition
monophasic
Term
an example of a triphasic oral contraceptive is
Definition
Ortho-Novum 7/7/7
Term
testosterone preparations may be used for
Definition
replacement therapy, hypogonadism, and cryptorchidism
Term
there is a potential for cardiac risk of sexual activty in patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease. Therefore, treatments for erectile dysfunction, including Viagra (sildenafil citrate), should not be generally used in men for whom sexual activity is inadvisable because of their underlying cardiovascular status
Definition
True
Term
Drugs that selectively stimulate contraction of the myometrium are known as
Definition
oxytocic agents
Term
a drug used to prevent postpartum and postabortal hemorrhage is
Definition
Ergotate maleate
Term
the ___a___ in the female and the ____b___ in the male are the primary organs of sexual reproduction

a) uterus, scrotum
b) vagina, penis
c)ovaries, testes
d) breast, penis
Definition
c) ovaries, testes
Term
the _______ secrete (s) incresed amounts of two gonad-stimulating hormones that cause the reproductive organs to mature and begin the reproduction of ova and sperm
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
the functions of the ovaries are
Definition
the reproduction of ova, and the secretion of estrogen and progesterone
Term
the functions of the testes are
Definition
production of sperm, and secretion of testosterone
Term
estrogen, due to the source of its secretion, is sometimes referred to as a
Definition
follicular hormone
Term
______ prepares the uterus for the implantation of the fertilized ovum
Definition
progesterone
Term
hypogonadism
Definition
a condition of defective secretion of the gonads
Term
osteosporosis
Definition
a softening of bone seen most often in aging women
Term
menopause
Definition
literally means cessation of the monthly menstrual activity
Term
amenorrhea
Definition
without or lack of the monthly menstrual flow
Term
cryptorchidism
Definition
a condition of undescended testicles into the scrotum
Term
hirsutism
Definition
a condition characterized by excessive growth of hair, especially in women
Term
testosterone
Definition
the most important androgen
Term
usual adult dosage

morphine
Definition
oral-10 to 20 mg every 4 hours.
SC, IM-5 to 20 mg every 4 hours
Term
usual adult dosage

demerol
Definition
(meperidine)

oral, SC, IM-50-150 mg every 3 to 4 hours
Term
usual adult dosage

tylenol
Definition
(acetaminophen)

oral-325 to 650 mg at 4 hours intervals
Term
usual adult dosage

valium
Definition
(diazepam)

oral-2 to 10 mg, 2 to 4 times a day. IM-2 to 10 mg, 3 to 4 hours if necessary
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?

Behavior:
Definition
relaxation training biofeedback and hypnosis
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?

Surgery
Definition
destroying nerves responsible for pain
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?

Electrostimulation
Definition
implanting electrodes at certain sites in the body and then stimulating them to prevent pain messages
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?

Exercise
Definition
aerobic exercise increases the secretion of endorphins (natural painkillers)
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?

Ice
Definition
useful for headaches, and in the first 48 hours of injury (sprains, strains, bumps), because it reduces swelling
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?

heat
Definition
useful for cramps and muscle aches, and after swelling of an injury has subsided
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?

acupuncture
Definition
Acupuncture
Term
the muscleskeletal system is made up of
Definition
bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons
Term
the skeleton consists of how many bones
Definition
two hundred and six
Term
how many skeletalmuscles are in the body?
Definition
650
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
the point at which a motor nerve fiber connects to a muscle cell
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
a neurotransmitter (ester of choline) that occurs in various tissues and organs of the body. It is though to play an important role in the transmittion of nerve impulses at synapses and myoneural junstions
Term
acetylcholinesterase
Definition
an enzyme that inactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. it catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine to acetic acid and choline. the enzyme is associated with neutral structures and preferentially hydrolyzes acetylcholine
Term
anticholinesterase
Definition
a substance that inactivates the action of cholinesterase
Term
cyclooxygenase
Definition
an enzyme involved in many aspects of normal cellular function and also in the inflammatory response
Term
chrysotherapy
Definition
the use of gold compounds as treatment; especially for rheumatoid arthritis
Term
corticosteroid
Definition
any of a number of hormonal steroid substances (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens) that are secreted by the adrenal cortex
Term
prostaglandins
Definition
a group of hormonelike unsaturated fatty acids that are present in many body tissues (brain, kidney, thymus, prostate gland, menstrual fluid, lung, seminal fluid, and pancreas). They are secreted in small amounts and effect changes in vasomotor tone, capillary permeability, smooth muscle tone, and autonomic and central nervous sytem.
Term
receptor
Definition
a receiver; a cell component that combines with a drug or hormone to alter the function of the cell
Term
Osteosporosis
Definition
is the loss of bone strength and density
Term
Osteosporosis is diagnosed when the bone mineral density is less than or equal to 2.5
Definition
T-score of-1.0 or greater= normal

T-score between-1.0 & 2.5= low bone mass(osteopenia)

T-score of- 2.5 or below= osteosporosis
Term
vertigo
Definition
illusion of movement
Term
motion sickness
Definition
usually associated with travel
Term
vomiting
Definition
complex reflex that may result from disease, drugs, radiation, toxins, and many other causes that serve to stimulate the vomiting center in the medulla.
Term
anesthetics
Definition
drugs that interfere with the conduction of nerve impulses and are used to produce loss of sensation, muscle relaxation and/or complete loss of consciousness
Term
local anesthetics
Definition
block nerve transmission in the area applied
Term
general anesthetics
Definition
affects the central nervous system and produce either partial or complete loss of consciousness
Term
Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Definition
progressive degeneration of brain tissue that usually begins after age 60
Term
pain treshold
Definition
level of stimulus that results in the perception of pain.
Term
pain tolerance
Definition
amount of pain a person can manage without disrupting normal functioning and without requiring medication
Term
intensity
Definition
degree of pain felt by theindividual
Term
signs of acute pain
Definition
increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, sweating, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, and fear.
Term
signs of chronic pain
Definition
disturbances in sleep and eating patters, irritability, constipation, depression, fatigue, and withdrawal from social activity
Term
meperidine HCL (Demerol)
Definition
respirations should be 12 or above in order to administer, because it is a controlled substance
Term
drugs used in labor and delivery
Definition
carboprost tromethamine

dinoprost tromethamine

dinoprostone (Prostin E2 Alpha)

Methylergonovine maleate (Methergine)
Term
when labor beginsbefore term, _____ is administered to delay labor until the fetus has gained enough maturity
Definition
uterine relaxant
Term
A local or generalized collection of fluid in the body tissues is known as
Definition
edema
Term
diuretics are agents that
Definition
decrease reabsorption of sodium chloride in the kidneys
Term
potassium-sparing diuretics exert their action in the
Definition
distal tubule
Term
the leading cause of chronic kidney failure is
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term
adverse reaction to furosemide (Lasix) are
Definition
anorexia, vertigo, purpura, hyperglycemia, anemia
Term
_____________ are among the drugs of choice for treating acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infections
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
the National Kidney Foundation lists warning signs of kidney and urinary tract disease. All of the following are included in this list except:
tachycardia, burning or difficulty during urination, nocturia, hematuria
Definition
tachycardia
Term
adverse reaction to ciprofloxacin (Cipro) are _____
Definition
CNS stimulation, superinfection, nausea, diarrhea, headache
Term
adverse reaction to chlorothiazide (Diuril) are ________
Definition
weakness, anorexia, gastric irritation, and purpura
Term
two vital funcitons of the kidneys are
Definition
a. production of urine
b. regulation of water, electrolytes, and other substances
Term
individuals who take diuretics should include foods that are rich in ______ in their diet
Definition
potassium
Term
the functional units of the kidneys are called
Definition
nephrons
Term
disorders of the urinary system may be caused by
Definition
infection, damage, and dysfunction
Term
blood undergoes a process of ______ and ______ as it passes through the kidneys
Definition
filtration and reabsorption
Term
Thiazide diuretics appear to act by inhibiting ________ and ______________ reabsorption in the early portion of the distal tubule
Definition
sodium and chloride
Term
osmotic diuretics are agents that are capable of being filtered by the _______
Definition
glomerulus
Term
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretics act to promote the reabsorption of _______ and ________ from the proximal tubule
Definition
sodium and bicarbonate
Term
diuretics may be used in the treatment of
Definition
congestive heart failure, hypertension, and idiopathic edema
Term
foods rich in potassium include
Definition
bananas, prunes, raisins, oranges, and fresh vegetables
Term
edema
Definition
swelling. A local or generalized collection of fluid in the body tissues
Term
excretion
Definition
the process of eliminating waste products from the body
Term
Escherichia coli
Definition
a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the alimentary canal of humans and other animals
Term
nephrotic syndrome
Definition
a disease of the basement membrane of the glomerulus. It causes proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia
Term
Proteus mirabilis
Definition
a species of enteric bacilli that may cause urinary tract infections. It is found in the intestines of humans and animals
Term
Lasix
Definition
diuretic
Term
Miscellaneous agents
Definition
used to treat disorders of the lower urinaty tract
Term
an acquired condition )in older children and adults)that is due to a deficiency in the secretion of thyroid hormones is called
Definition
myxedema
Term
the pituititary secretes hormones that are essential for
Definition
body growth, body development, and regulation of actions by other endocrine glands
Term
diabetes insipidus occurs with the underproduction or absence of the hormone _______
Definition
vasopressin
Term
two hormones stored and secreted by the thyroid gland are ______
Definition
thyroxine and triidothyroxine
Term
oral hypoglycemic agents may be used in conjunction with diet and exercise in the management and treatment of Type 2 diabetes. All of the following are included in this classification except ____
sulfonylureas and alpha glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides and meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and insulin
Definition
insulin
Term
parathormone increases the levels of _____ and _____ in the body
Definition
calcium and phosphorus
Term
the adrenal medulla synthesizes, stores, and secretes ____
Definition
dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
Term
______ _______ is a complex disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
Definition
Diabetes mellitus
Term
Novlin 70/30 insulin's onset of action is
Definition
30 minutes
Term
the duration of Humalog insulin is
Definition
3 to 5 hours
Term
hyperglycemic agents are used to cause an increase in blood glucose of diabetic patients with severe hypoglycemia (insulin shock. All of the following are included in this classification except ____
glucagon, proglycem (diazoxide), prandin (repaglinide),glucose (glutose, Insta-glucose)
Definition
prandin (repaglinide)
Term
the symptoms of hypoglycemia include ____
Definition
tremors, sweating, and irritability
Term
the symptoms of hyperglycemia include ___
Definition
hot, dry skin; fruity breath odor; and pulse rapid and weak
Term
the ductless glands of the endocrine system secrete chemical substances known as _____ directly into the bloodstream
Definition
hormones
Term
the ________ is sometimes calles the master gland of the body
Definition
ultralente
Term
acromegaly
Definition
a condition in which there is enlargement of the extremities and certain head bones, accompanied by enlargement of the nose and lips caused by excessive growth hormone
Term
cretinism
Definition
a congenital condition that is due to a deficiency in the secretion of thyroid hormones. There is arrested physical and mental development
Term
diabetes insipidus
Definition
a condition caused by inadequate secretion of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Classic symptoms are polyuria and polydipsia
Term
diabetes mellitus
Definition
a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that is a result of inadequate production or utilization of insulin. Classic symptoms are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Also glycosuria and hyperglycemia.
Term
dwarfism
Definition
a condition of being abnormally small caused by deficiency of growth hormones
Term
gigantism
Definition
a condition in which there is excessive development of the body or a body part caused by overproduction of growth hormone
Term
myxedema
Definition
an acquired condition ( in older children and adults) that is due to a deficiency in the secretion of thyroid hormones
Term
sulfonylurea
Definition
a class of chemical compounds that includes oral hypoglycemic agents
Term
hyperthyroidism
Definition
characterized by a high basal metabolism rate
Term
pituitary
Definition
is a small gland located in the base of the brain
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Symptoms
Definition
is an error of carbohydrates
blindness, GI disease, heart disease
Term
The gastrointestinal system
Definition
enables the body to extract absorbable nutrients from blood during the digestive process
Term
Digestive process
Definition
food passes from the mouth, down the esophagus, to the stomach, where it is converted to a near-liquid mass by hydrochloric acid, various enzymes, and the churning motions of the stomach walls. This chyme leaves the acidic environment of the stomach through its lower orifice and passes into the first part of the small intestines (duodenum), where chyme is made alkaline by mixing with bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions. When passing through the small intestines, the product of digestion are absorbed, passed into the blood and lymph, and carried throughout the body. The residue of digestion is passed into the ascending colon where reabsorption of water begins. The rest: semisolid waste passes through the ascending colon, transverse and descending colons, to the rectum, where it is stored for defacation.
Term
The digestion process involves
Definition
a combination of mechanical and chemical processes coordinated by the autonomic nervous system.
Term
typical complaints and disorders of the gastrointestinal system
Definition
dyspepsia (indigestion), pyrosis (heartburn), ulcers, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and infection
Term
Most ulcers develop as a result of
Definition
an infection with bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
Term
GERD
Definition
is an all-inclusive term of a range of symptoms that resul from the exposure of the esophagus to gastric acid.
Term
Approximately 2/3 of the world is infected
Definition
H. pylori
Term
H. pylori is more prevalent among
Definition
hispanics, african americans, and lower socioeconomic groups
Term
the most common ulcer symptom
Definition
gnawing or burning pain in the epigastrium
Term
less common ulcer symptoms
Definition
nausea, vomiting, and loss of apetite
Term
therapy for H. pylori infection consist of
Definition
10 days to 2 weeks of one or two effective antibiotics
Term
antibiotic used to treat H. pylori
Definition
amoxicillin, tetracycline (not for children less than 12 yrs old), metronidazole, or clarithromycin, plus either ranitide bismouth citrate, bismouth subsalicylate, or a proton pump inhibitor.
Term
how many treatment of H. pylori have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Definition
eight
Term
Changes that may occur with aging in result of H. pylori
Definition
teeth deterioration
taste buds functionality decrease
muscle associated with chewing weaken
gastric emptying becomes slower
swallowing become more difficult
liver size and activity decreases
Term
the changes that H.pylori causes with aging increases the older person's risk for
Definition
anorexia
bloating
indigestion
flatulence
diarrhea
constipation
Term
constipation
Definition
one of the most frequent gastrointestinal complaints of older adults
Term
with aging, a gradual blood flow to the internal organs in the abdomen decreases reducing drugs clearance through the liver or kidney
Definition
true
Term
signs of dehydration for children
Definition
loss of body weight
skin turgor
abnormal thirst
rapid respirations
blood pressure normal to low
eyeballs and fontanels are sunken
rapid pulse
irritable and lethargic
dry mucous membranes
absent and decreased tearing and salivation
subnormal or elevated body temp
Term
categories of loss of body weight
Definition
mild- up to 5 percent
moderate- 5 percent to 10 percent
severe- over 10 percent
Term
antiulcer agents
Definition
antacids

histamine H2 receptor antagonist

mucosal protective medications

gastric acid pump inhibitor (Proton-pump inhibitors,PPIs)
Term
Antacids
Definition
drugs that neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Used to relieve acid indigestion, gas, and heartburn, and in the treatment of peptic ulcers
Term
Nonsystemic Antacids
Definition
aluminum phosphate 15-30ml

calcium carbonate, precipitated chalk
0.5-2g

dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate
1-2tabs

magaldrate 1-2tabs

magnesium hydroxide 5-10ml/1-2tabs

magnesium oxide 250-1500mg w/ water or milk, 4x day. after meals and at bedtime
Term
the majority of the antacids are classified nonsystemic agents because
Definition
they remain largely in the gastrointestinal tract
Term
sodium bicarbonate
Definition
systemic antacid
Term
calciumm carbonate and sodium bicarbonate may cause
Definition
rebound hyperacidity
Term
aluminum-based and calcium carbonate antacids
Definition
may cause constipation
Term
magnesium-based antacids
Definition
may cause diarrhea
Term
dyspepsia
Definition
indigestion
Term
pyrosis
Definition
heartburn
Term
Common Histamine H-receptor antagonist
Definition
cimetidine
Active duodenal ulcer:800mg at bedtime
maintainance: 400mg at bedtime
active gastric ulcer: 800mg at bedtime

famotidine
acute therapy: 1 (40mg) tab
maintainance: 1 (20mg) tab

nizatidine:
active duodenal ulcer: 150md
maintainance: 150mg

ranitidine
active duodenal ulcer: 150mg
maintanance: 150 mg
Term
histamine H2-receptor antagonist drugs are used for
Definition
active duodenal ulcer and for pathological hypersecretory conditions
Term
there are 4 types of drugs for histamine H2-receptor antagonists
Definition
cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine
Term
Common antacid mixtures
Definition
Gaviscon
Gelusil
Maalox Plus
Mylanta
Term
aluminum hydroxide
Definition
a cause of contipation
Term
magnesium hydroxide
Definition
a cause of diarrhea
Term
products that combine aluminum or calcium with magnesium
Definition
prove more useful than the single-entity antacids because it provides the antacid action of both, yet tend to counter the adverse effects of each ingredient.

one fixes the other
Term
patient education for cimetidine and ranitidine
Definition
impotence and gynecomastia may occur
may impair mental alertness, therefore, should not operate machinery
Term
patient education for famotidine
Definition
report signs of blood dyscrasia

decreased libido occurs but its reversible when discontinuation of drug
Term
patient education for nizatidine
Definition
false-positive test for urobilinogen with Multistix
Term
mucosal protective medication
Definition
sucralfate & misoprostol
Term
mucosal protective medication

sucralfate
Definition
cytoprotective agent used to prevent further damage by ulcers and to promote healing of damaged mucosa
Term
mucosal protective medication

misoprostol
Definition
an antiulcer agent used to prevent NSAID
(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
Term
during the digestive process, a partially digested mass, known as ______, leaves the stomach and passes into the small intestines
Definition
chyme
Term
typical complaints and disorders of the gastrointestinal system include ____.
Definition
dyspepsia, pyrosis, and nausea
Term
___________ are drugs that neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Definition
antacids
Term
magnesium-based antacids may caused diarrhea
Definition
true
Term
antacids mixtures are commonly used in the treatment of ______
Definition
peptic ulcers, heartburn, and acid indigestion
Term
products that contain magnesium hydroxide frequently cause ______________
Definition
diarrhea
Term
Tagament and Zantac are _____________
Definition
histamine antagonists
Term
____________ mixes with gastric acid to form a pastelike coating that prevents further damage by ulcerogenic secretions
Definition
Carafate
Term
Sucralfate (Carafate) is a/an _________ agent that is used to prevent further damage by ulcers
Definition
cytoprotective
Term
when taking misoprostol (Cytotec), one should avoid ____________
Definition
magnesium-containing antacids
Term
when taking pantoprazole (Protonix), the delayed-released tablet should be swallowed whole. This drug is a/an __________
Definition
gastric acid pump inhibitor
Term
polycarbophil (fibercon) is a/an ________ laxative
Definition
bulk-forming
Term
______ are various oils that soften the fecal mass and facilitate its passage through the colon
Definition
lubricants
Term
Docusate sodium (Colase) is a __________
Definition
stool softener
Term
____ is characterized by frequent defecation of loose, watery stools
Definition
diarrhea
Term
temporary darkening of the stool and tongue is an adverse reaction of
Definition
Pepto-Bismol
Term
a condition in which there is an intestinal infestation by parasitic worms is known as ______
Definition
helminthiasis
Term
diarrhea, fever, dizziness, and transient abdominal pain are adverse reactions of _________
Definition
Vermox
Term
the following are all protozoal diseases except
Definition
d. monilia
Term
_______ are agents that prevent or arrest vomiting
Definition
antiemetics
Term
Apomorphine HCL and ipecac syrup are ______
Definition
Emetics
Term
Amebiasis
Definition
being infected with amebae. The disease is generally characterized by dysentery with diarrhea, weakness, prostration, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
Term
chyme
Definition
a partially digested mass of food and digestive secretion found in the stomach and small intestines during digestion of food
Term
defecation
Definition
the process of emptying the bowel
Term
gastroesophageal reflux disease
Definition
a term for a range of symptoms that result from the exposure of the esophagus to gastric acid
Term
helminthiasis
Definition
a condition in which there is an intestinal infestation of parasitic worms
Term
histamine antagonist
Definition
an agent that inhibits the action of histamine at the histamine H2 receptor site. The H2 receptor site is located on the parietal cells of the stomach
Term
peptic ulcer
Definition
an ulcer occurring in the lower end of the esophagus; along the lesser curvature of the stomach or in the duodenum
Term
which type of laxative agent is the safest
Definition
bulk-forming
Term
what are the type of laxative agents
Definition
bulk-forming
stool softener
osmotic
chloride channel activator
saline
lubricant
Term
Angiotensin
Definition
A vasopressor substance that is formed in the body by interation of renin and angion tensinogen
Term
Atherosclorosis
Definition
the building up of fatty plaques and hardening of the arteries
Term
Glycoside
Definition
A substance that is derived from plants, and upon hydrolysis yields a sugar plus additional products
Term
Hypokalemia
Definition
a deficient amount of potassium in the blood. This condition can cause muscle weakness, thirst, dizziness, mental confusion, paralysis, tetany, and postural hypotension
Term
Mast cells
Definition
connective tissue cells that contain heparin and histamine
Term
Megaloblastic Anemia
Definition
an anemia in which megaloblasts nucleated abnormal red blood cells are found in the blood. Also known as pernicious anemia
Term
Plasminogen
Definition
a protein that is found in many body tissues and fluids. It is important in the prevention of fibrin clot formation
Term
What makes up the cardiovascular system
Definition
the heart and a network of arteries, veins,capillaries, and blood.
Term
Takes blood away from the heart and to the various organs of the body
Definition
arteries
Term
Takes blood to the heart and from the various organs of the body
Definition
veins
Term
Blood, leaving the ____ side of the heart, enter the _____and it is carried by even smaller arteries to all parts of the body.
Definition
left, aorta,
Term
Heart Disease
Definition
One out of four adults is at risk
Term
CHD Coronary Heart Disease
Definition
is the leading cause of death for men and women
Term
the lifetime risk of having coronary heart disease over the age of 40 is
Definition
49% for men and 32% for women
Term
Heart disease kills far more women
Definition
than breast cancer does
Term
Vasopressors
Definition
cause contraction of the muscles associated with capillaries and arteries narrowing the space in which the blood circulates
Term
The route of oxygen in the body
Definition
Blood leaving the left side of the heart, enters the aorta and is carried by even smaller arteries to all parts of the body. Within the tissues, arterioles empty into microscopic vessels known capillaries. The thin, porous walls of the vessels are easily penetrated by molecules of sugars, salts, gases, and other substances needed by surrounding cells. In this network capillaries, the primary function of the circulatory system is carried out. That function is to bring oxygen and needed nutrients to the cells adjacent to the capillaries, and to pick up carbon dioxide and metabolic waste that need to be removed from the body.
As blood travels through the capillaries, it enters into venules. These veins link up with larger and larger veins and ultimately carry the blood back to the heart. Venous blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped out again into the pulmonary artery, which takes it to the lungs. Once in the lungs, the waste carbon dioxide in the venous blood is removed and a new supply of oxygen is absorved. The blood is now ready to circulate back through the left side of the heart and the arteries to supply the needs of the body once again.
Term
Capillaries
Definition
the primary function of the circulatory system
Term
researchers have found that refined carbohydrates
Definition
may be as bad for the heart as saturated fat
Term
primary cause of coronary heart disease
Definition
atherosclerosis which is the build up of fatty plaques and hardening of the arteries
Term
How does atherosclorosis happens
Definition
when the plaque fractures or cracks, causing clotting material to be released and a blood clot to form inside a vessel. The clot can go on to partially block vessels and create chest pain, or completely block the artery causing a myocardial infartion (heart attack)
Term
Many heart attack victims ignore the symptoms or say
Definition
it's just indigestion
Term
The average heart attack victims
Definition
wait 3 hrs after symptoms occur to seek help
Term
Inflammation is a powerful trigger for
Definition
heart attack
Term
patients with Low density lipoprotein (LDL) are at risk of CHD
Definition
true
Term
the two primary casuses of chest pain
Definition
(angina pectores)
decreased blood flow through the coronary arteries that causes oxygen to reach the myocardium

(myocardial infartion)
occlusion of a coronary artery. Area becomes necrotic (infarct). may be caused by an embolus, vasoconstriction of the arteries, or sudden atherosclorosis changes in the vessels
Term
risk factors
Definition
male 55 or older
female 65 or older
female under 65 with premature menopause
smoker
hypertension
diabetes mellitus
hyperlipidemia
family history
obesity
Term
four our of five people who die of heart attacks are
Definition
65 or older
Term
How drugs affect the heart
Definition
exert a positive or negative inotropic effect by increasing or decreasing the force of myocardial contraction.

exert a positive or negative chronotropic effect by increasing or decreasing heart rate

exert a positive or negative dromotropic effect by increasing or decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses through the heart muscle
Term
a protein that is found in many body tissues and fluids, and is important in the prevention of fibrin clot formation is
Definition
plasminogen
Term
the primary function of the circulatory system iiss carried out in the
Definition
capillaries
Term
inotropic effect means
Definition
increasing or decreasing the force of myocardial contraction
Term
cardiac glycosides (digitalis drugs)

strengthen the myocardium
increase the force of the systolic contraction
slow the heart rate and improve muscle tone
Definition
all of these
Term
prehypertension is a new classification that impacts approximately 45 million americans. it is defined as a systolic of _____ mm Hg and a diastolic of 80 mm Hg to 89 mm Hg
Definition
112 to 118
Term
adverse reactions to procainamide HCL are
Definition
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and bitter taste
Term
vasopressors are drugs

that cause dilation of the muscle associated with capillaries and arteries
that cause contraction of the muscle associated with capillaries and arteries
that are useful in the treatment of patients suffering from shock
Definition
b and c
Term
coronary vasodilators are used primarily for the treatment of
Definition
angina pectoris
Term
there are various classes of drugs used in the treatment of hypertension. The classification ______reduces nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels
Definition
beta-blockers
Term
drugs used in the treatment of hypertension may be categorized as

diuretics
vasodilators
angiotension antagonists
Definition
all of these
Term
heparin is a potent
Definition
anticoagulant
Term
agents used in the treatment of megaloblastic anemias include

a low-sodium diet
a reduction of physical activities
a digitalis drug
Definition
all of these
Term
the pharmacologic actions of all digitalis compounds are simlar, but these products differ in their

potency
onset of action
the rate of absorption
Definition
all of these
Term
it is generally recommended that an individual take aspirin, ______ mg per day to prevent thromboembolic disorders
Definition
81, 162, or 325
Term
the term ______ means irregularity or loss of ryth.
Definition
arrhythmia
Term
the treatment of angina pectoris usually involves the ______ group of drugs
Definition
nitrate
Term
____ can be defined as a condition whrein the patient has a higher arterial blood pressure than that judged to be normal
Definition
hypertension
Term
antihyperlipidemic agents
Definition
lower abnormally high blood levels of fatty substances (lipids)
Term
Epoetin Alfa (epogen)
Definition
stimulates the production of Erythrolytes (red blood cells)
Term
Cyanocobalamin
Definition
Vit B12
Term
Folic acid
Definition
Vit B9
Term
Hemostats Agents
Definition
administred to overcome specific coagulation defects, or applied topically to control surface bleeding
Term
Hematinic agent: Iron
Definition
to treat iron deficiency anemia are ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous sulfate
Term
Vit C
Definition
enhances absorption of Iron
Term
Aspirin
Definition
helps plateles form sticking together and becoming a clot
Term
Aspirin adverse reactions
Definition
thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia,neutropenia, hemolitic anemia, increased prothrombin time, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, convulsions, urticaria, ototoxicity, tinnitus, hepatotoxicity, GI bleeding.
Term
Thrombolytic agents
caution
Definition
bleeding is the most common complication encountered during this therapy
Term
anticoagulants
Definition
Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
warfarin sodium (Coumadin)
Term
anticoagulants patient education
Definition
avoid alcohol, large amount of green veggies, MAY CAUSE A RED-ORANGE DISCOLORATIN IN URINE
Term
Heparin
Definition
anticoagulant. It is produced by mast cells found in the liver, lungs, and other parts of the body.

administration is by succutaneous or intravenous injection

used during open heart surgery, renal hemodialysis, and in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary infarction
Term
Digitalis is usually obtained by

A similar drug is
Definition
crush the leaves of the plant Digitalis Purpurea or purple foxglove into a powder

digoxin from the leaves of Digitalis Lanatas
Term
Congestive Heart Failure
Definition
Term
the primary use for these other digitalis compounds is the
Definition
treatment of various types of heart failure
Term
s
Definition
Term
Adenovirus
Definition
one of a group of closely related viruses that can cause infections of upper respiratory tract
Term
Antibody
Definition
a protein substance that is developed in response to an antigen
Term
antigen
Definition
substances such as bacteria, toxins, or certain allergens that induce the formation of antibodies that specially interact with the antigent
Term
antigenic
Definition
capable of causing the production of an antibody
Term
Candida
Definition
a genus of yeastlike fungi. It is a part of the normal flora of the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina. Candida is vaginitis in wowmen during the reproductive years. Formerly called Monilia.
Term
cryptococcosis
Definition
a systemic fungus infections that may involve any organ of the body, especially the lungs, the skin, and the brain and its meninges.
Term
cytomegalovirus
Definition
one of a group of species-specific herpes viruses
Term
epidermiology
Definition
the study of the science concerned with defining and explaining the interrelationship of factors that determine the frequency and distribution of disease
Term
histoplasmosis
Definition
a systemic, fungal respiratory disease
Term
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Definition
the appropriate name for the retrovirus that has been implied as the causative agent of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Term
immunocompetence
Definition
being capable of developing an antibody (antigenic response) to stimulation by an antigen
Term
immunodeficiency
Definition
a decresed ability or inability to respond to antigenic stimuli, this supressing or altering the body's natural immune response
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
the ingestion and digestion of bacteria and particles by cells of the reticuloenfothelial system and white blood cells
Term
retrovirus
Definition
ribonucleic acid (RNA)-containing virus
Term
varicella
Definition
a benign, highly contagiuos disease caused by varicella-zoster (V-Z)virus. Chickenpox
Term
Volar
Definition
refers to the palm of the hand or the palmar surface
Term
active immunization
Definition
denotes the production of antibody or antitoxin in response to the administration of a vaccine or toxoid
Term
passive immunization
Definition
denotes the provision of temporary immunity by the administration of preformed antitoxins or antibodies.
*pooled human immune globulin
*specific Ig preparations
*antitoxin
Term
Antifungal Agents
Definition
systemic, skin, and mucous membrane infections:
Histoplasmosis
Candida
Cryptococcosis
Athlete's foot
Tinea
Term
Antifungal Agents Contraindications
Definition
Hypersensitivity
Bone marrow depression
Impaired renal function
Cautious use during pregnancy or lactation
Term
Antifungal Agents Uses
Definition
HSV
Influenza
Herpes zoster
Term
Drugs for Herpes Simplex or Herpes Zoster
Definition
Acyclovir
Trifluridine
Famciclovir
Penciclovir
Term
Drugs for Influenza
Definition
Amantadine hydrochloride
Rimantadine
Oseltamivir phosphate
Zanamivir
Term
Flumadine Facts
Definition
used for prevention and treatment in adults, but only for preventin in children
Term
Amantadine hydrochloride Facts
Definition
it also treats Parkinson's disease
Term
Oseltamivir phosphate and Zanamivir
Definition
not substitutes for the flu shot
Term
Osetamivir phosphate and Zanamivir Usage
Definition
for those with uncomplicated influenza, who have been symptomatic no more than 2 days
Term
Zanamivir carries the risk of
Definition
Bronchospasm
Allergic reaction
neuropsychiatric events
Term
Antiretroviral Agents Usage
Definition
treat HIV infection
(not a cure)
Term
Antiretroviral Agents Classes
Definition
NRTIs
NNRTIs
PIs
FIs
Term
NRTIs
Definition
interrupts early stage of virus replication. Slow spread of HIV. Delay onset of opportunistic infections. Do not prevent transmission to others.
Term
NNRTIs
Definition
Inhibits HIV production. and prevents conversion of RNA to DNA
Term
PIs
Definition
interrupts virus replication at later step in life cycle. Prevent HIV from being assembled and released from CD41T cells
Term
FIs
Definition
Prevents HIV from entering healthy T-cells. Reserved for patients who have failed initial regimens
Term
HAART
Definition
Combination of antiretroviral drug

success lies in ability to disrupt HIV at different stages of replication use of at least three antiretroviral agents has shown significant effect

decrease in morbidity and mortality rate
Term
HIV in children
Definition
can be passed during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding

risk of HIV-infected woman having infected baby is 25% for each pregnancy

immunizations should be given at regular intervals

child should be protected from infection
Term
MTCT definition
Definition
Mother to child transmission
Term
MTCT of HIV
Definition
Antiretroviral drugs help prevent it

may occur during pregnancy, birth, or through breastfeeding

C- section helps reduce risk

treatment of baby with antiretroviral drugs reduces risk

abstaining from breastfeeding reduces risk
Term
Hemophilia and AIDS
Definition
Approximately 20,000 hemophiliacs in the US

50% infected with HIV

more than 2,000 have developed AIDS & 65% of those with AIDS have died

of 2,000 who have AIDS, 179 are younger than age 13.

of 65% who died, 97 were children

today, clotting factors are heat treated and should not carry HIV

cost for patient can be as high as $100,000 per year
Term
HIV in Older adults
Definition
10% of AIDS patients are older than 50 years

4% are olders than 65 years

incidence rising faster than in younger age groups

immune function diminishes with age

acquired in same way as younger people
Term
immunizations
Definition
active-administration of vaccine or toxoid
passive-temporary, through administration of antitoxins or antibodies
Term
H1N1 Vaccine
Definition
inactive vaccine

children younger than 9 yrs require two doses

intramuscular route recommended

not for children younger than 2 years of age and adults older than 49
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