Term
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Definition
| the excessive or improper use of a substance, person, or animal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the physical or psychological dependancy on a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of determining the strength and quality of a drug by testing it on an animal or isolated organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| term used for a class of meds (either approved or developed) that are produced by means of biological process involving recombinant DNA technology. Example: vaccines, blood, etc... |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological and engineering study of the relationship between human beings and machines |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that has the potential for addiction and abuse. Example: cocaine, narcotics, opium, depressants. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis, alteration, or repair of genetic materials through the application of engineering principles. |
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Term
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Definition
| producing sleep or stupor. A narcotic drug is one that depresses the central nervous system and, in moderate dosage, relieves pain, and produces sleep. Most narcotics are habit-forming. |
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Term
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Definition
| authorized publication on drug and their preparations. Generally refers to book containing formulas and into that provides a standard for preparation and dispensation of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| One who has met the professional and legal requirements of a certain occupation or profession. |
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Term
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Definition
| To order or recommend the use of a drug, diet, or other form of therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of drugs (science, origin, history, source, physical, and chemical properties). |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of drugs and their action on living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of natural drugs and their physical, botanical, and chemical properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new science of personalizing drug treatment according to genetics variation of the individual patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the metabolism and action of drug within the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of drugs and their relationships to the treatment of disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| State the five medical uses of drugs |
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Definition
| Therapeutic use, Diagnostic use, Curative use, Replacement use, and Preventive/Prophylactic use |
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Term
| State the importance of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. |
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Definition
| to control the prescription, administration, dispensation, sale, posession, and manufacturate of drugs. |
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Term
| Give the three names assigned to a drug |
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Definition
chemical:the formula
genetic: official name
brand name: when a genetic drug is manufactured by more than one pharmaceutical company, the name under their own unique trade or brand name. |
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Term
| Drugs prepared from roots, herbs, bark, and other forms of plant life are among |
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Definition
| the earliest known pharmaceuticals and its origin can be traced back to primitive cultures to evoke magical powers and to drive out the evil |
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Term
| the pharmacologically active ingredient of this substance (curare) facilitate ________, and like many of the compounds discovered by primitive groups, it is still used today |
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Definition
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Term
| the dried leaf of the purple foxglove plant is a source of ____, which is a ____ used in the treatment of congestion heart failure. |
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Definition
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|
Term
the ____plant is a rich source of iodine, a nonmetalic element.
____ (synthetic conjugated estrogens) which is synthesized from soy and yam plant, and its prescribed for ____ and ____ women for estrogen replacement therapy. |
|
Definition
kelp
Cenestin
menopausal
Postmenopausal |
|
|
Term
| extract of the saw palmetto plant ____ appears to be effective in easing the symptoms of BPH _____which is a common age-related swelling of the ____ which affects up to 40% of ____ from age ______ and older |
|
Definition
Serenoa repens
benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostate gland
men
70 |
|
|
Term
| Premanin is produced from the urine of a _____ and it is prescribed for moderate to severe_____ |
|
Definition
pregnant mare
vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause |
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Term
| Minerals. Ex: Sulfur, a nonmetallic element, and is a key ingredient for _____drugs. |
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Definition
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|
Term
_____may be produced by organic means or created synthetically from ingredients that make up its chemical formula
Advantages: |
|
Definition
Chloromycetin
they can be produced in great volume they are less expensive than organic meds |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act protects the public by _____. |
|
Definition
ensuring the purity, strength, and composition of food, drugs, and cosmetics.
it also prohibits the movement in interstate commerce, of adultered and misbranded food, drugs, and cosmetics. |
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Term
|
Definition
Controlled Substances Act controlsthe manufacture, importation, compounding, selling, dealing in, and giving away of drugs that have the potential for addiction and abuse.
This drugs are known as controlled substances. Ex: cocaine, opium, narcotics, depressants, etc. |
|
|
Term
| DEA (Drug Enforcement Adm.) Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act must be renewed every ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Controlled substances are classified by five drug schedule. Explain |
|
Definition
C-I: high potential for abuse, not accepted. Ex: hashish, hashish oil, LSD, mariguana, peyote, heroin, etc
C-II: high potential for abuse, accepted. Ex: cocaine, porphine, opium, amytal, demoral
C-III: low to moderate potential for physical dependancy, high potential for psychological dependancy. Accepted. Ex: Doriden, Marinol, Nalline, Noludar.
C-IV: low potential for abuse. Accepted. Ex: Ativan, barbital, Clonopin, Equanil, Serax
C-V: lowest potential for abuse. Accepted. Ex: Robitussin A-C, Donnagel, lomotil, Actified |
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Term
|
Definition
US Pharmacopeia-National Formulatory.
official list of standarized drugs |
|
|
Term
Drug dosage is _____.
The dosage prescribed is based upon ____. |
|
Definition
the amount of medicine prescribed for administration.
Weight, sex, and age of patient. |
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|
Term
Pediatric patient group
This group requires a _______ amount of medication because of differences in gastrointestinal function, body, composition, metabolism, and reduced renal function. |
|
Definition
Newborn: 0-4 weeks
Infants: 5-52 weeks
Child: 1 year-16 years
Adolescent: 12-16 years
smaller |
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|
Term
| Certain drugs that are used ward off or lessen the severity of a disease are called |
|
Definition
| Preventive/prophylactic agents |
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|
Term
| The _____name of a drug is its official name |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humulin is a type of insulin that is obtained _____ |
|
Definition
| through the process of genetic engineering |
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|
Term
| The federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act do what? |
|
Definition
| protects the public and prohibits the movement in interstate commerce, of adulterate and missbranded food, drugs,devices, and cosmetics |
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|
Term
| _____ includes drugs that have an accepted medical use with certain restrictions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Federal Law requires that all controlled substances be _____ |
|
Definition
| stored in a substantially constructed metal box/compartment that is equipped with a double lock and kept separeated from other drugs. |
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|
Term
| The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act specifies that a drug is official when it is listed in the _____ |
|
Definition
USP-NF
US Pharmacopeia-National Formulatory |
|
|
Term
| The _____ is published annually by Delmar Cengage Learning |
|
Definition
| PDR Nurse's Drug Handbook |
|
|
Term
| Drugs included on the FDA website are organized by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of med that is prescribed for administration is known as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect drug dosage are |
|
Definition
age, weight, sex
pregnancy and lactation
disease process |
|
|
Term
| Pediatric patients require a _____ amount of a med than adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The geriatric patient requires special considerations because of |
|
Definition
changes in body functions
changes in body composition
decresed gastrointestinal function |
|
|
Term
| ______ is the summation of a drug in the body after repeated medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a biologic indicated for breast cancer
producing sleep or stupor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
initial dose: first dose
average dose: most effective with minimum toxic effect
loading dose: first larger dose
maintenance dose: at therapeutics level
Minimum dose: smallest, but effective
maximum dose: largest, but safe
divided dose: fractional portion, but short interval
Cummulative dose; sum of drug in bloodstream
lethal dose: amount, could kill
Therapeutic dose: amount needed to be effective.
Toxic dose: amount causes toxicity |
|
|
Term
| physicians consider mental and physical state of health of the individual to determine an appropriate dosage for this patient |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Shape, structure, and size pf anything that distinguishes it from another object |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| similar or same in structure, composition, or nature |
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Term
|
Definition
| that in which a substance is dissolved |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| large particles of a drug are dispersed or scattered in a liquid |
|
|
Term
| types of drug preparation |
|
Definition
| liquids, solids, and semisolids |
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|
Term
Liquid Preparations
drugs that has been dissolved or suspended |
|
Definition
| emolsions, Solution, mixtures and suspension, syrups, elixirs, tinctures, spirits, lotions, liniments, sprays, aerosols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drop of oil in water, or water in oil |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| one or more drugs dissolved in solvent |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs mixed with liquid, but not dissolved |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs dissolved in sugar and water, then flavored |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs dissolved in alcohol and water, then sweetened and flavored |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| dissolved in alcohol and water |
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Term
|
Definition
| alcohol solution of volatile (easily vaporized) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| aqueous preparations to treat skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to produce feeling of heat |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| to treat nose or throat conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use to propellent/contain medication |
|
|
Term
| solid & semisolid Preparations |
|
Definition
Capsules: dissolve in the stomach/gastrointestinal tract
Gelcaps: oil-based
Caplets: coated, solid.
Tablets: compressed powder
Chewable: designed to be chewed
Effervescent: grains that releases gas. Ex: salt
Vaginal: dissolves in vagina
Troches/Lozenges: oblong disk/candy-like base
Suppositoties (semisolid) insert in rectum, vagina, or urethra
Ointment (semisolid): externally used
Creams (semisolid): white, nongreasy, and water base. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| medicinal substances that may alter or modify the function of a living organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subcutaneous: beneath skin
Intradermal: within the dermis
Intramuscular: within the muscle
Inrtravenous: within the vein
Intra-articular: within the joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transdermal: small adhesive patch/disk
Ocular therapeutic: ultrathing plastic membrane placed inside the lower eyelid
Implantable device: positioned beneath the skin, near the blood vessels.
Fast-Dissolving (FDDS): dissolve fast in the saliva without water. The paper-thin film is 2" and comes in strips. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
those that act directly upon one or more tissues in the body.
those that act upon microorganisms invading the body (antibiotics).
those that replace body chemicals and secretions (hormones) |
|
|
Term
| Selective action of a drug |
|
Definition
drugs that act upon certain tissues or specific organ.
Ex:
Stimulants: increases cell activity.(caffeine)
Depressants: decreases cell activity. (morphine) |
|
|
Term
| Antagonist Action of a drug |
|
Definition
drugs that binds to a cellular receptor for a hormone blocking the action of that substance without producing any drug effect itself.
(getting rid of one to block |
|
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Term
|
Definition
drugs that has affinity for the cellular receptor of another drug to produce a drug.
(need to block) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| to act on an area to which it is administered |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| applied to a drug affecting a part of the body that is distant from the site of administration |
|
|
Term
| specified action of a drug |
|
Definition
| drug that has a particular effect on a certain pathogenic organism |
|
|
Term
| synergistic action of a drug |
|
Definition
when one drug is used or increased the action of another.
Ex: Phenergan increases the effect of Demerol |
|
|
Term
| Systemic Action of a drug |
|
Definition
| when in the bloodstream as a result of injection or absorption, is carried throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| undesirable actions of drugs |
|
Definition
Adverse reaction: unfavorable, harmful, unintended result of a drug
Interaction: when one drug potentiates/diminishes the action of another |
|
|
Term
| factors that affect drug action |
|
Definition
absorption: drug passes into body fluids and tissues
Distribution: drug is transported from blood to the intended site
Biotransformation: chemical alteration that a drug undergoes in the body
Elimination: when substances are excreted from the body |
|
|
Term
| _______ is a neurotransmitter that is thought to play an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses and myocardial junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is an enzyme that destroys acetylcholine and readies muscle fibers for the next nerve impulse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that relieve the swelling, tenderness, redness, and pain of inflammation are known as ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Food and Drug Administration has indicated new labeling for Tylenol (acetaminophen) and Motrin (ibuprofen). For Motrin, the label warns of the risk of ______. |
|
Definition
| stomach bleeding for those who drink three or more alcoholic beverages daily |
|
|
Term
| The Food and Drug Administration has indicated new labeling for Tylenol (acetaminophen) and Motrin (ibuprofen). For Tylenol, the label warns of the risk of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adverse reactions of aspirin include ______. |
|
Definition
| rapid pulse, tinnitus, and GI distress |
|
|
Term
| The Food and Drug Administration has indicated new labeling for Tylenol (acetaminophen) and Motrin (ibuprofen). For Motrin, there is an additional warning about allergy alert. It may cause ______. |
|
Definition
| hives, facial swelling, wheezing, and/or shock. |
|
|
Term
| Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are recommended in early rheumatoid arthritis to ______. |
|
Definition
| limit irreversible joint damage. |
|
|
Term
| Antirheumatic agents may be used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis include ______. |
|
Definition
| gold preparations, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and pencillamine |
|
|
Term
| In patients treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, it is important that the patients understand that serious gastrointestinal toxicity can occur at any time, with or without warning. Serious gastrointestinal toxicity includes ______. |
|
Definition
| bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. |
|
|
Term
| Individuals taking centrally acting muscle relaxants should be advised that these agents may _____ |
|
Definition
| cause drowsiness, dizziness, and blurred vision, produce an additive effect when taken in combination with other CNS depressants, and impair their ability to drive a vehicle |
|
|
Term
Antitumor necrosis factor drugs seem to do all of the following except______.
a) slow, if not halt the destruction of the joints
b) act to preempt the autoimmune response
c) replace lost cartilage
d)have evolved out of the biotechnology industry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serious infections and sepsis, including fatalities, have been reported with the antitumor necrosis factor drug ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drowsiness, dizziness, rash, erythemia, nausea, anorexia, jaundice, and liver damage are adverse reactions of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Normal aging changes that predispose an older adult to falls include all of the following except_____.
a)poor vision
b) bone lose strength
c) increased reaction time
d) medical problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuromuscular blocking agents may be used to ____. |
|
Definition
| relieve laryngospasm and facilitate endotracheal intubation |
|
|
Term
| Headache, dizziness, and bradycardia are adverse reactions of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are ways to help prevent sports injuries in children except ______.
a) adequate warm-up and cool-down periods should be allowed
b) the choice of a sports activity should not be determined by the child's physical and mental ability
c) the child should have a regular exercise program
d) proper nutrition and adequate fluids are necessary |
|
Definition
| the choice of a sports activity should not be determined by the child's physical and mental ability |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle stimulants act by _____. |
|
Definition
| inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| Fear, agitation, restless, nausea, epigastric discomfort, muscle cramps, fasciculations, and pallor are adverse reactions of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of gold compounds as treatment, especially for rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any number of hormonal steroid substances that are secreted by the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of hormonelike unsaturated fatty acids that are present in many body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme involved in normal cellular function and the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that inactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| _____ agents are used to relieve pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ agents are used to relieve pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the natural and synthetic drugs derived from morphine are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the natural and synthetic drugs derived from morphine are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ agents are used to relieve pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the natural and synthetic drugs derived from morphine are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an effective hypnotic should _____ |
|
Definition
| have fairly rapid reaction, produce near-normal sleep, and not give the patient a delayed effect the next day |
|
|
Term
| Psychological and physical dependency can result from the use of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| residual sedation, vertigo, and vomiting are commonly associated adverse effects of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines that are recognized as effective sedative-hypnotics are |
|
Definition
| flurazepan HCL, temazepam, and triazolam |
|
|
Term
| Anti-parkinsonian drugs are used for the palliative relief of |
|
Definition
| bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and disorders of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| ______ are drugs that interfere with the conduction of nerve impulses and are used to produce loss of sensation, muscle relaxation, and/or complete loss of conciousness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is a term used to describe an illusion of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ophthalmic drugs are used |
|
Definition
| in the treatment of glaucoma, during diagnostic examination of the eye, and in intraocular surgery |
|
|
Term
| adverse reactions of Diamox include |
|
Definition
| paresthesia, drowsiness, tinnitus, and nausea |
|
|
Term
| adverse reactions of Neo-Synephrine include ________ |
|
Definition
| stinging, browache, and sensitivity to light |
|
|
Term
| Mydriatic drugs are used primarily |
|
Definition
| as an aid in refraction, during internal exam of the eye, and in intraocular surgery and in the treatment of anterior uveitis and secondary glaucoma |
|
|
Term
all of the following classifications of drugs are used to treat vertigo, motion sickness, and vomiting except
a)anticholinergic
b)antihistaminic
c)antidopaminergic
d)antipyretic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth, and fatigue are adverse reactions of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| that which inhibits; a chemical substance that stops enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| that which imitates the sympathetic nervous system; adrenergic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that has infinity for the cellular receptors of another drug or natural substance and produces a physiological effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes union of water and carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a catecholamine synthesized by the adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agents used to relieve pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transparent liquid contained in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that promotes the removal of water from a chemical compound |
|
|
Term
| A softening of bones or increased porosity of bones seen most often in aging women is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| estrogen preparations may be used for |
|
Definition
| amenorrhea, dysfunctional bleeding, and hirsutism |
|
|
Term
women who should not consider the NuvaRing include all of the following except those with a ____
a)history of blood clot
b)history of smoking
c)hisotry of heart attack, stroke, and high cholesterol
d)history of diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse reactions to estrogens are |
|
Definition
| nausea, edema, and fullness of the breasts |
|
|
Term
| progesterone preparations may be used for |
|
Definition
| prevention of uterine bleeding, infertility, and threatened or habitual miscarriage. |
|
|
Term
the most common side effects of Ortho Evra include all of the following except
a)breast tenderness
b)headache
c)nausea
d)all of these |
|
Definition
| nausea, headache, and breast tenderness |
|
|
Term
| ________ oral contraceptive preparations provide a fixed concentration of hormones throughout the entire cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an example of a triphasic oral contraceptive is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testosterone preparations may be used for |
|
Definition
| replacement therapy, hypogonadism, and cryptorchidism |
|
|
Term
| there is a potential for cardiac risk of sexual activty in patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease. Therefore, treatments for erectile dysfunction, including Viagra (sildenafil citrate), should not be generally used in men for whom sexual activity is inadvisable because of their underlying cardiovascular status |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that selectively stimulate contraction of the myometrium are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a drug used to prevent postpartum and postabortal hemorrhage is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the ___a___ in the female and the ____b___ in the male are the primary organs of sexual reproduction
a) uterus, scrotum
b) vagina, penis
c)ovaries, testes
d) breast, penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _______ secrete (s) incresed amounts of two gonad-stimulating hormones that cause the reproductive organs to mature and begin the reproduction of ova and sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the functions of the ovaries are |
|
Definition
| the reproduction of ova, and the secretion of estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| the functions of the testes are |
|
Definition
| production of sperm, and secretion of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| estrogen, due to the source of its secretion, is sometimes referred to as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ prepares the uterus for the implantation of the fertilized ovum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition of defective secretion of the gonads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a softening of bone seen most often in aging women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| literally means cessation of the monthly menstrual activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| without or lack of the monthly menstrual flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition of undescended testicles into the scrotum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition characterized by excessive growth of hair, especially in women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most important androgen |
|
|
Term
usual adult dosage
morphine |
|
Definition
oral-10 to 20 mg every 4 hours.
SC, IM-5 to 20 mg every 4 hours |
|
|
Term
usual adult dosage
demerol |
|
Definition
(meperidine)
oral, SC, IM-50-150 mg every 3 to 4 hours |
|
|
Term
usual adult dosage
tylenol |
|
Definition
(acetaminophen)
oral-325 to 650 mg at 4 hours intervals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(diazepam)
oral-2 to 10 mg, 2 to 4 times a day. IM-2 to 10 mg, 3 to 4 hours if necessary |
|
|
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?
Behavior: |
|
Definition
| relaxation training biofeedback and hypnosis |
|
|
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?
Surgery |
|
Definition
| destroying nerves responsible for pain |
|
|
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?
Electrostimulation |
|
Definition
| implanting electrodes at certain sites in the body and then stimulating them to prevent pain messages |
|
|
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?
Exercise |
|
Definition
| aerobic exercise increases the secretion of endorphins (natural painkillers) |
|
|
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?
Ice |
|
Definition
| useful for headaches, and in the first 48 hours of injury (sprains, strains, bumps), because it reduces swelling |
|
|
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?
heat |
|
Definition
| useful for cramps and muscle aches, and after swelling of an injury has subsided |
|
|
Term
List the alternative methods for the relief of pain?
acupuncture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the muscleskeletal system is made up of |
|
Definition
| bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons |
|
|
Term
| the skeleton consists of how many bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many skeletalmuscles are in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point at which a motor nerve fiber connects to a muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurotransmitter (ester of choline) that occurs in various tissues and organs of the body. It is though to play an important role in the transmittion of nerve impulses at synapses and myoneural junstions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that inactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. it catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine to acetic acid and choline. the enzyme is associated with neutral structures and preferentially hydrolyzes acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that inactivates the action of cholinesterase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme involved in many aspects of normal cellular function and also in the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of gold compounds as treatment; especially for rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of a number of hormonal steroid substances (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens) that are secreted by the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of hormonelike unsaturated fatty acids that are present in many body tissues (brain, kidney, thymus, prostate gland, menstrual fluid, lung, seminal fluid, and pancreas). They are secreted in small amounts and effect changes in vasomotor tone, capillary permeability, smooth muscle tone, and autonomic and central nervous sytem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a receiver; a cell component that combines with a drug or hormone to alter the function of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the loss of bone strength and density |
|
|
Term
| Osteosporosis is diagnosed when the bone mineral density is less than or equal to 2.5 |
|
Definition
T-score of-1.0 or greater= normal
T-score between-1.0 & 2.5= low bone mass(osteopenia)
T-score of- 2.5 or below= osteosporosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually associated with travel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex reflex that may result from disease, drugs, radiation, toxins, and many other causes that serve to stimulate the vomiting center in the medulla. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that interfere with the conduction of nerve impulses and are used to produce loss of sensation, muscle relaxation and/or complete loss of consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| block nerve transmission in the area applied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects the central nervous system and produce either partial or complete loss of consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive degeneration of brain tissue that usually begins after age 60 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level of stimulus that results in the perception of pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of pain a person can manage without disrupting normal functioning and without requiring medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degree of pain felt by theindividual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, sweating, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, and fear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disturbances in sleep and eating patters, irritability, constipation, depression, fatigue, and withdrawal from social activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respirations should be 12 or above in order to administer, because it is a controlled substance |
|
|
Term
| drugs used in labor and delivery |
|
Definition
carboprost tromethamine
dinoprost tromethamine
dinoprostone (Prostin E2 Alpha)
Methylergonovine maleate (Methergine) |
|
|
Term
| when labor beginsbefore term, _____ is administered to delay labor until the fetus has gained enough maturity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A local or generalized collection of fluid in the body tissues is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diuretics are agents that |
|
Definition
| decrease reabsorption of sodium chloride in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| potassium-sparing diuretics exert their action in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the leading cause of chronic kidney failure is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse reaction to furosemide (Lasix) are |
|
Definition
| anorexia, vertigo, purpura, hyperglycemia, anemia |
|
|
Term
| _____________ are among the drugs of choice for treating acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the National Kidney Foundation lists warning signs of kidney and urinary tract disease. All of the following are included in this list except:
tachycardia, burning or difficulty during urination, nocturia, hematuria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse reaction to ciprofloxacin (Cipro) are _____ |
|
Definition
| CNS stimulation, superinfection, nausea, diarrhea, headache |
|
|
Term
| adverse reaction to chlorothiazide (Diuril) are ________ |
|
Definition
| weakness, anorexia, gastric irritation, and purpura |
|
|
Term
| two vital funcitons of the kidneys are |
|
Definition
a. production of urine
b. regulation of water, electrolytes, and other substances |
|
|
Term
| individuals who take diuretics should include foods that are rich in ______ in their diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the functional units of the kidneys are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disorders of the urinary system may be caused by |
|
Definition
| infection, damage, and dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| blood undergoes a process of ______ and ______ as it passes through the kidneys |
|
Definition
| filtration and reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Thiazide diuretics appear to act by inhibiting ________ and ______________ reabsorption in the early portion of the distal tubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osmotic diuretics are agents that are capable of being filtered by the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretics act to promote the reabsorption of _______ and ________ from the proximal tubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diuretics may be used in the treatment of |
|
Definition
| congestive heart failure, hypertension, and idiopathic edema |
|
|
Term
| foods rich in potassium include |
|
Definition
| bananas, prunes, raisins, oranges, and fresh vegetables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swelling. A local or generalized collection of fluid in the body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of eliminating waste products from the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the alimentary canal of humans and other animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease of the basement membrane of the glomerulus. It causes proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a species of enteric bacilli that may cause urinary tract infections. It is found in the intestines of humans and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to treat disorders of the lower urinaty tract |
|
|
Term
| an acquired condition )in older children and adults)that is due to a deficiency in the secretion of thyroid hormones is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pituititary secretes hormones that are essential for |
|
Definition
| body growth, body development, and regulation of actions by other endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| diabetes insipidus occurs with the underproduction or absence of the hormone _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two hormones stored and secreted by the thyroid gland are ______ |
|
Definition
| thyroxine and triidothyroxine |
|
|
Term
oral hypoglycemic agents may be used in conjunction with diet and exercise in the management and treatment of Type 2 diabetes. All of the following are included in this classification except ____
sulfonylureas and alpha glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides and meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parathormone increases the levels of _____ and _____ in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the adrenal medulla synthesizes, stores, and secretes ____ |
|
Definition
| dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| ______ _______ is a complex disorder of carbohydrate metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Novlin 70/30 insulin's onset of action is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the duration of Humalog insulin is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hyperglycemic agents are used to cause an increase in blood glucose of diabetic patients with severe hypoglycemia (insulin shock. All of the following are included in this classification except ____
glucagon, proglycem (diazoxide), prandin (repaglinide),glucose (glutose, Insta-glucose) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the symptoms of hypoglycemia include ____ |
|
Definition
| tremors, sweating, and irritability |
|
|
Term
| the symptoms of hyperglycemia include ___ |
|
Definition
| hot, dry skin; fruity breath odor; and pulse rapid and weak |
|
|
Term
| the ductless glands of the endocrine system secrete chemical substances known as _____ directly into the bloodstream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ________ is sometimes calles the master gland of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which there is enlargement of the extremities and certain head bones, accompanied by enlargement of the nose and lips caused by excessive growth hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a congenital condition that is due to a deficiency in the secretion of thyroid hormones. There is arrested physical and mental development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition caused by inadequate secretion of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Classic symptoms are polyuria and polydipsia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that is a result of inadequate production or utilization of insulin. Classic symptoms are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Also glycosuria and hyperglycemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition of being abnormally small caused by deficiency of growth hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which there is excessive development of the body or a body part caused by overproduction of growth hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an acquired condition ( in older children and adults) that is due to a deficiency in the secretion of thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a class of chemical compounds that includes oral hypoglycemic agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by a high basal metabolism rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a small gland located in the base of the brain |
|
|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Symptoms |
|
Definition
is an error of carbohydrates
blindness, GI disease, heart disease |
|
|
Term
| The gastrointestinal system |
|
Definition
| enables the body to extract absorbable nutrients from blood during the digestive process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food passes from the mouth, down the esophagus, to the stomach, where it is converted to a near-liquid mass by hydrochloric acid, various enzymes, and the churning motions of the stomach walls. This chyme leaves the acidic environment of the stomach through its lower orifice and passes into the first part of the small intestines (duodenum), where chyme is made alkaline by mixing with bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions. When passing through the small intestines, the product of digestion are absorbed, passed into the blood and lymph, and carried throughout the body. The residue of digestion is passed into the ascending colon where reabsorption of water begins. The rest: semisolid waste passes through the ascending colon, transverse and descending colons, to the rectum, where it is stored for defacation. |
|
|
Term
| The digestion process involves |
|
Definition
| a combination of mechanical and chemical processes coordinated by the autonomic nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| typical complaints and disorders of the gastrointestinal system |
|
Definition
| dyspepsia (indigestion), pyrosis (heartburn), ulcers, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and infection |
|
|
Term
| Most ulcers develop as a result of |
|
Definition
| an infection with bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an all-inclusive term of a range of symptoms that resul from the exposure of the esophagus to gastric acid. |
|
|
Term
| Approximately 2/3 of the world is infected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H. pylori is more prevalent among |
|
Definition
| hispanics, african americans, and lower socioeconomic groups |
|
|
Term
| the most common ulcer symptom |
|
Definition
| gnawing or burning pain in the epigastrium |
|
|
Term
| less common ulcer symptoms |
|
Definition
| nausea, vomiting, and loss of apetite |
|
|
Term
| therapy for H. pylori infection consist of |
|
Definition
| 10 days to 2 weeks of one or two effective antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| antibiotic used to treat H. pylori |
|
Definition
| amoxicillin, tetracycline (not for children less than 12 yrs old), metronidazole, or clarithromycin, plus either ranitide bismouth citrate, bismouth subsalicylate, or a proton pump inhibitor. |
|
|
Term
| how many treatment of H. pylori have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes that may occur with aging in result of H. pylori |
|
Definition
teeth deterioration
taste buds functionality decrease
muscle associated with chewing weaken
gastric emptying becomes slower
swallowing become more difficult
liver size and activity decreases |
|
|
Term
| the changes that H.pylori causes with aging increases the older person's risk for |
|
Definition
anorexia
bloating
indigestion
flatulence
diarrhea
constipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the most frequent gastrointestinal complaints of older adults |
|
|
Term
| with aging, a gradual blood flow to the internal organs in the abdomen decreases reducing drugs clearance through the liver or kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of dehydration for children |
|
Definition
loss of body weight
skin turgor
abnormal thirst
rapid respirations
blood pressure normal to low
eyeballs and fontanels are sunken
rapid pulse
irritable and lethargic
dry mucous membranes
absent and decreased tearing and salivation
subnormal or elevated body temp |
|
|
Term
| categories of loss of body weight |
|
Definition
mild- up to 5 percent
moderate- 5 percent to 10 percent
severe- over 10 percent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antacids
histamine H2 receptor antagonist
mucosal protective medications
gastric acid pump inhibitor (Proton-pump inhibitors,PPIs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Used to relieve acid indigestion, gas, and heartburn, and in the treatment of peptic ulcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aluminum phosphate 15-30ml
calcium carbonate, precipitated chalk
0.5-2g
dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate
1-2tabs
magaldrate 1-2tabs
magnesium hydroxide 5-10ml/1-2tabs
magnesium oxide 250-1500mg w/ water or milk, 4x day. after meals and at bedtime |
|
|
Term
| the majority of the antacids are classified nonsystemic agents because |
|
Definition
| they remain largely in the gastrointestinal tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calciumm carbonate and sodium bicarbonate may cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aluminum-based and calcium carbonate antacids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common Histamine H-receptor antagonist |
|
Definition
cimetidine
Active duodenal ulcer:800mg at bedtime
maintainance: 400mg at bedtime
active gastric ulcer: 800mg at bedtime
famotidine
acute therapy: 1 (40mg) tab
maintainance: 1 (20mg) tab
nizatidine:
active duodenal ulcer: 150md
maintainance: 150mg
ranitidine
active duodenal ulcer: 150mg
maintanance: 150 mg |
|
|
Term
| histamine H2-receptor antagonist drugs are used for |
|
Definition
| active duodenal ulcer and for pathological hypersecretory conditions |
|
|
Term
| there are 4 types of drugs for histamine H2-receptor antagonists |
|
Definition
| cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gaviscon
Gelusil
Maalox Plus
Mylanta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| products that combine aluminum or calcium with magnesium |
|
Definition
prove more useful than the single-entity antacids because it provides the antacid action of both, yet tend to counter the adverse effects of each ingredient.
one fixes the other |
|
|
Term
| patient education for cimetidine and ranitidine |
|
Definition
impotence and gynecomastia may occur
may impair mental alertness, therefore, should not operate machinery |
|
|
Term
| patient education for famotidine |
|
Definition
report signs of blood dyscrasia
decreased libido occurs but its reversible when discontinuation of drug |
|
|
Term
| patient education for nizatidine |
|
Definition
| false-positive test for urobilinogen with Multistix |
|
|
Term
| mucosal protective medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mucosal protective medication
sucralfate |
|
Definition
| cytoprotective agent used to prevent further damage by ulcers and to promote healing of damaged mucosa |
|
|
Term
mucosal protective medication
misoprostol |
|
Definition
an antiulcer agent used to prevent NSAID
(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) |
|
|
Term
| during the digestive process, a partially digested mass, known as ______, leaves the stomach and passes into the small intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| typical complaints and disorders of the gastrointestinal system include ____. |
|
Definition
| dyspepsia, pyrosis, and nausea |
|
|
Term
| ___________ are drugs that neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| magnesium-based antacids may caused diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antacids mixtures are commonly used in the treatment of ______ |
|
Definition
| peptic ulcers, heartburn, and acid indigestion |
|
|
Term
| products that contain magnesium hydroxide frequently cause ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tagament and Zantac are _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ mixes with gastric acid to form a pastelike coating that prevents further damage by ulcerogenic secretions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sucralfate (Carafate) is a/an _________ agent that is used to prevent further damage by ulcers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when taking misoprostol (Cytotec), one should avoid ____________ |
|
Definition
| magnesium-containing antacids |
|
|
Term
| when taking pantoprazole (Protonix), the delayed-released tablet should be swallowed whole. This drug is a/an __________ |
|
Definition
| gastric acid pump inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| polycarbophil (fibercon) is a/an ________ laxative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are various oils that soften the fecal mass and facilitate its passage through the colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Docusate sodium (Colase) is a __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is characterized by frequent defecation of loose, watery stools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temporary darkening of the stool and tongue is an adverse reaction of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a condition in which there is an intestinal infestation by parasitic worms is known as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diarrhea, fever, dizziness, and transient abdominal pain are adverse reactions of _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the following are all protozoal diseases except |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are agents that prevent or arrest vomiting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apomorphine HCL and ipecac syrup are ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being infected with amebae. The disease is generally characterized by dysentery with diarrhea, weakness, prostration, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a partially digested mass of food and digestive secretion found in the stomach and small intestines during digestion of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of emptying the bowel |
|
|
Term
| gastroesophageal reflux disease |
|
Definition
| a term for a range of symptoms that result from the exposure of the esophagus to gastric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which there is an intestinal infestation of parasitic worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an agent that inhibits the action of histamine at the histamine H2 receptor site. The H2 receptor site is located on the parietal cells of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ulcer occurring in the lower end of the esophagus; along the lesser curvature of the stomach or in the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| which type of laxative agent is the safest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the type of laxative agents |
|
Definition
bulk-forming
stool softener
osmotic
chloride channel activator
saline
lubricant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A vasopressor substance that is formed in the body by interation of renin and angion tensinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the building up of fatty plaques and hardening of the arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that is derived from plants, and upon hydrolysis yields a sugar plus additional products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deficient amount of potassium in the blood. This condition can cause muscle weakness, thirst, dizziness, mental confusion, paralysis, tetany, and postural hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue cells that contain heparin and histamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anemia in which megaloblasts nucleated abnormal red blood cells are found in the blood. Also known as pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein that is found in many body tissues and fluids. It is important in the prevention of fibrin clot formation |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
| the heart and a network of arteries, veins,capillaries, and blood. |
|
|
Term
| Takes blood away from the heart and to the various organs of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Takes blood to the heart and from the various organs of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood, leaving the ____ side of the heart, enter the _____and it is carried by even smaller arteries to all parts of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One out of four adults is at risk |
|
|
Term
| CHD Coronary Heart Disease |
|
Definition
| is the leading cause of death for men and women |
|
|
Term
| the lifetime risk of having coronary heart disease over the age of 40 is |
|
Definition
| 49% for men and 32% for women |
|
|
Term
| Heart disease kills far more women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause contraction of the muscles associated with capillaries and arteries narrowing the space in which the blood circulates |
|
|
Term
| The route of oxygen in the body |
|
Definition
Blood leaving the left side of the heart, enters the aorta and is carried by even smaller arteries to all parts of the body. Within the tissues, arterioles empty into microscopic vessels known capillaries. The thin, porous walls of the vessels are easily penetrated by molecules of sugars, salts, gases, and other substances needed by surrounding cells. In this network capillaries, the primary function of the circulatory system is carried out. That function is to bring oxygen and needed nutrients to the cells adjacent to the capillaries, and to pick up carbon dioxide and metabolic waste that need to be removed from the body.
As blood travels through the capillaries, it enters into venules. These veins link up with larger and larger veins and ultimately carry the blood back to the heart. Venous blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped out again into the pulmonary artery, which takes it to the lungs. Once in the lungs, the waste carbon dioxide in the venous blood is removed and a new supply of oxygen is absorved. The blood is now ready to circulate back through the left side of the heart and the arteries to supply the needs of the body once again. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the primary function of the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| researchers have found that refined carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| may be as bad for the heart as saturated fat |
|
|
Term
| primary cause of coronary heart disease |
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis which is the build up of fatty plaques and hardening of the arteries |
|
|
Term
| How does atherosclorosis happens |
|
Definition
| when the plaque fractures or cracks, causing clotting material to be released and a blood clot to form inside a vessel. The clot can go on to partially block vessels and create chest pain, or completely block the artery causing a myocardial infartion (heart attack) |
|
|
Term
| Many heart attack victims ignore the symptoms or say |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The average heart attack victims |
|
Definition
| wait 3 hrs after symptoms occur to seek help |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation is a powerful trigger for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patients with Low density lipoprotein (LDL) are at risk of CHD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two primary casuses of chest pain |
|
Definition
(angina pectores)
decreased blood flow through the coronary arteries that causes oxygen to reach the myocardium
(myocardial infartion)
occlusion of a coronary artery. Area becomes necrotic (infarct). may be caused by an embolus, vasoconstriction of the arteries, or sudden atherosclorosis changes in the vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
male 55 or older
female 65 or older
female under 65 with premature menopause
smoker
hypertension
diabetes mellitus
hyperlipidemia
family history
obesity |
|
|
Term
| four our of five people who die of heart attacks are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How drugs affect the heart |
|
Definition
exert a positive or negative inotropic effect by increasing or decreasing the force of myocardial contraction.
exert a positive or negative chronotropic effect by increasing or decreasing heart rate
exert a positive or negative dromotropic effect by increasing or decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses through the heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| a protein that is found in many body tissues and fluids, and is important in the prevention of fibrin clot formation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary function of the circulatory system iiss carried out in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing or decreasing the force of myocardial contraction |
|
|
Term
cardiac glycosides (digitalis drugs)
strengthen the myocardium
increase the force of the systolic contraction
slow the heart rate and improve muscle tone |
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Definition
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Term
| prehypertension is a new classification that impacts approximately 45 million americans. it is defined as a systolic of _____ mm Hg and a diastolic of 80 mm Hg to 89 mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
| adverse reactions to procainamide HCL are |
|
Definition
| anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and bitter taste |
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|
Term
vasopressors are drugs
that cause dilation of the muscle associated with capillaries and arteries
that cause contraction of the muscle associated with capillaries and arteries
that are useful in the treatment of patients suffering from shock |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| coronary vasodilators are used primarily for the treatment of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| there are various classes of drugs used in the treatment of hypertension. The classification ______reduces nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels |
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Definition
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|
Term
drugs used in the treatment of hypertension may be categorized as
diuretics
vasodilators
angiotension antagonists |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
agents used in the treatment of megaloblastic anemias include
a low-sodium diet
a reduction of physical activities
a digitalis drug |
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Definition
|
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Term
the pharmacologic actions of all digitalis compounds are simlar, but these products differ in their
potency
onset of action
the rate of absorption |
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Definition
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Term
| it is generally recommended that an individual take aspirin, ______ mg per day to prevent thromboembolic disorders |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the term ______ means irregularity or loss of ryth. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the treatment of angina pectoris usually involves the ______ group of drugs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ____ can be defined as a condition whrein the patient has a higher arterial blood pressure than that judged to be normal |
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Definition
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|
Term
| antihyperlipidemic agents |
|
Definition
| lower abnormally high blood levels of fatty substances (lipids) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulates the production of Erythrolytes (red blood cells) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| administred to overcome specific coagulation defects, or applied topically to control surface bleeding |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| to treat iron deficiency anemia are ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous sulfate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| enhances absorption of Iron |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| helps plateles form sticking together and becoming a clot |
|
|
Term
| Aspirin adverse reactions |
|
Definition
| thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia,neutropenia, hemolitic anemia, increased prothrombin time, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, convulsions, urticaria, ototoxicity, tinnitus, hepatotoxicity, GI bleeding. |
|
|
Term
Thrombolytic agents
caution |
|
Definition
| bleeding is the most common complication encountered during this therapy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
warfarin sodium (Coumadin) |
|
|
Term
| anticoagulants patient education |
|
Definition
| avoid alcohol, large amount of green veggies, MAY CAUSE A RED-ORANGE DISCOLORATIN IN URINE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anticoagulant. It is produced by mast cells found in the liver, lungs, and other parts of the body.
administration is by succutaneous or intravenous injection
used during open heart surgery, renal hemodialysis, and in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary infarction |
|
|
Term
Digitalis is usually obtained by
A similar drug is |
|
Definition
crush the leaves of the plant Digitalis Purpurea or purple foxglove into a powder
digoxin from the leaves of Digitalis Lanatas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary use for these other digitalis compounds is the |
|
Definition
| treatment of various types of heart failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a group of closely related viruses that can cause infections of upper respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein substance that is developed in response to an antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances such as bacteria, toxins, or certain allergens that induce the formation of antibodies that specially interact with the antigent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capable of causing the production of an antibody |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a genus of yeastlike fungi. It is a part of the normal flora of the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina. Candida is vaginitis in wowmen during the reproductive years. Formerly called Monilia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systemic fungus infections that may involve any organ of the body, especially the lungs, the skin, and the brain and its meninges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a group of species-specific herpes viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the science concerned with defining and explaining the interrelationship of factors that determine the frequency and distribution of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systemic, fungal respiratory disease |
|
|
Term
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
|
Definition
| the appropriate name for the retrovirus that has been implied as the causative agent of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being capable of developing an antibody (antigenic response) to stimulation by an antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decresed ability or inability to respond to antigenic stimuli, this supressing or altering the body's natural immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ingestion and digestion of bacteria and particles by cells of the reticuloenfothelial system and white blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribonucleic acid (RNA)-containing virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a benign, highly contagiuos disease caused by varicella-zoster (V-Z)virus. Chickenpox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the palm of the hand or the palmar surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denotes the production of antibody or antitoxin in response to the administration of a vaccine or toxoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
denotes the provision of temporary immunity by the administration of preformed antitoxins or antibodies.
*pooled human immune globulin
*specific Ig preparations
*antitoxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
systemic, skin, and mucous membrane infections:
Histoplasmosis
Candida
Cryptococcosis
Athlete's foot
Tinea |
|
|
Term
| Antifungal Agents Contraindications |
|
Definition
Hypersensitivity
Bone marrow depression
Impaired renal function
Cautious use during pregnancy or lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HSV
Influenza
Herpes zoster |
|
|
Term
| Drugs for Herpes Simplex or Herpes Zoster |
|
Definition
Acyclovir
Trifluridine
Famciclovir
Penciclovir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amantadine hydrochloride
Rimantadine
Oseltamivir phosphate
Zanamivir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for prevention and treatment in adults, but only for preventin in children |
|
|
Term
| Amantadine hydrochloride Facts |
|
Definition
| it also treats Parkinson's disease |
|
|
Term
| Oseltamivir phosphate and Zanamivir |
|
Definition
| not substitutes for the flu shot |
|
|
Term
| Osetamivir phosphate and Zanamivir Usage |
|
Definition
| for those with uncomplicated influenza, who have been symptomatic no more than 2 days |
|
|
Term
| Zanamivir carries the risk of |
|
Definition
Bronchospasm
Allergic reaction
neuropsychiatric events |
|
|
Term
| Antiretroviral Agents Usage |
|
Definition
treat HIV infection
(not a cure) |
|
|
Term
| Antiretroviral Agents Classes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interrupts early stage of virus replication. Slow spread of HIV. Delay onset of opportunistic infections. Do not prevent transmission to others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits HIV production. and prevents conversion of RNA to DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interrupts virus replication at later step in life cycle. Prevent HIV from being assembled and released from CD41T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevents HIV from entering healthy T-cells. Reserved for patients who have failed initial regimens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Combination of antiretroviral drug
success lies in ability to disrupt HIV at different stages of replication use of at least three antiretroviral agents has shown significant effect
decrease in morbidity and mortality rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can be passed during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding
risk of HIV-infected woman having infected baby is 25% for each pregnancy
immunizations should be given at regular intervals
child should be protected from infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mother to child transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antiretroviral drugs help prevent it
may occur during pregnancy, birth, or through breastfeeding
C- section helps reduce risk
treatment of baby with antiretroviral drugs reduces risk
abstaining from breastfeeding reduces risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Approximately 20,000 hemophiliacs in the US
50% infected with HIV
more than 2,000 have developed AIDS & 65% of those with AIDS have died
of 2,000 who have AIDS, 179 are younger than age 13.
of 65% who died, 97 were children
today, clotting factors are heat treated and should not carry HIV
cost for patient can be as high as $100,000 per year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10% of AIDS patients are older than 50 years
4% are olders than 65 years
incidence rising faster than in younger age groups
immune function diminishes with age
acquired in same way as younger people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
active-administration of vaccine or toxoid
passive-temporary, through administration of antitoxins or antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inactive vaccine
children younger than 9 yrs require two doses
intramuscular route recommended
not for children younger than 2 years of age and adults older than 49 |
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