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| description, explanation, control & application |
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| early approaches to perspectives of Psychology |
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| structuralism & functionalism |
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| more current approaches to perspectives of Psychology are |
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| humanism, psychodynamic, behaviorism, cognitive & biological |
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| Classical conditioning, dogs, behaviorism |
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| Psychoanalytic perspective |
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| perspective deals with the concept of the whole rather than the parts |
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| how do we learn about what is acceptable in our culture? |
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| sociocultural & socialization |
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| observe, form hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze results, report, form new hypothesis |
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| what are the 5 ways that data is collected in Psychology? |
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| survey, naturalistic observation, case study, correlation, experiment |
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| the way data is collected in the field |
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| difference between population and sample |
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| the sample is part of the population |
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| what are the parts of an experiment |
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| control group, experimental group, independent and dependent variables. dependent is the outcome |
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| difference in single and double blind study? |
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Definition
single - subject doesn't know who is being tested and not
double - subject and experimenter don't know who is tested and not |
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| 3 types of data analysis to determine central tendencies |
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| purpose of correlation data collection |
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| to determine the relationship between 2 variables |
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| how do species and personal adaptation interact? |
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species is how the whole species adapts.
personal is just that one reaction |
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| role of genetics in intelligence |
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Definition
down syndrome get extra gene from parents
genius got genes from parents |
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| role of genetics in intelligence |
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Definition
down syndrome get extra gene from parents
genius got genes from parents |
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Definition
| unlearned response that is auto triggered by an environmental stimulus |
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| difference between natural selection and adaptation |
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Definition
| adaptation is whole species and natural selection is strongest in it |
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| dendrite, cell body, axon, axon terminal |
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| afron or sensory and efron or motor, then one that connects |
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which affects voluntary/involuntary movement?
peripheral central |
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voluntary = somatic
involuntary = automic |
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| connects 2 hemispheres of the brain |
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| how can you improve the way infants develop intellectually |
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Definition
| provide a stimulating environment |
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| the glands comprise what system? |
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Definition
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| difference in stimulation & perception |
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Definition
| stimuli in environment then perception is how it interprets the stimuli |
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| what has to occur in order to perceive some stimulation in environment? |
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Definition
| absolute threshold must be met/crossed |
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| what has to occur in order to perceive some stimulation in environment? |
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Definition
| absolute threshold must be met/crossed |
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| 2 types of vision problems |
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Definition
nearsighted - myopia
farsighted - hyperopia |
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| takes (touch, taste, and sight) stimuli and turns it into neural impulses |
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sense out of pattern
closure
proximity
similarity |
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| 3 perceptual constancies & purpose |
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preconscious
conscious
unconscious |
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| circadian rhythm and how does pineal gland effect it |
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| rapid eye movement & dreaming |
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| psychodynamic perspective |
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| difference in tolerance & withdrawal |
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Definition
| tolerance is the body producing compensatory responses to counteract a drug's effects. withdrawal is when compensatory responses continue and produce negative symptoms |
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| difference in stimulants & depressants |
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Definition
stimulants - increase arousal and boost mood
depressants - decrease neural activity |
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| what effect can be achieved by hypnosis |
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Definition
| state of relaxation and suggestability. amnesia |
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| change in behavior due to experience |
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| elements of Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
Unconditioned response
conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
no stimulus |
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| operant conditioning. how do behavior and consequence relate |
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Definition
positive - keep going
negative - stop |
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| difference in chaining and shaping |
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Definition
shaping - reinforcing successive approximations that increasingly resemble the final desired behavior
chaining - develops a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response wiht the opportunity to perform next response |
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| schedule of partial reinforcement |
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Definition
| fixed and variable, ratio & interval |
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| powerful way that children learn |
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| BoBo dolls; kids would copy parents hitting the dolls |
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Definition
| encoding, storage, retrieval |
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| types of memory and how they differ |
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Definition
| sensory is shortest, then short term memory. long term memory is forever |
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| term for keeping information in short term memory by making it into several small sections |
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| based upon past experiences |
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| symbolic and structured way of conveying meaning |
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| different types of amnesia |
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Definition
retrograde - doesn't remember before the trauma
anterograde - doesn't remember after the trauma |
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| different types of amnesia |
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Definition
retrograde - doesn't remember before the trauma
anterograde - doesn't remember after the trauma |
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| bottom up reasoning vs top up reasoning |
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Definition
bottom up - facts to principle
top up - principle to facts |
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| deductive/ inductive reasoning |
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deductive - premises to conclusion (best)
inductive - probable |
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| general problem-solving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations |
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| can only think of standard purpose |
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| awareness of self, problem solving, environment |
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| being able to effectively use intelligence in everyday life |
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| role norms & testing procedure play |
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| environment in development of intelligence |
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Definition
| stimulating environment is better |
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| men and women differ on intelligence test |
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Definition
| women higher on verbal, men higher on math |
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| difference in motivation & emotion |
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Definition
stimulus - motivation
response - emotion |
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primary - survive
secondary - learned
homeostasis - balance |
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| intrinsic and extrinsic motivation |
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Definition
in - do because you want to
ex - reward |
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Term
| how do men and women differ in thought of their weight |
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Definition
| women more self-conscious |
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| how do men and women differ in thought of their weight |
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Definition
| women more self-conscious |
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| what is involved in weight loss |
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Definition
| calorie intake & exercise |
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| high achievers want what type of challenge |
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Definition
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| how can parents best encourage the achievement motivation in kids |
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Definition
| enforce well done things. don't criticize bad behaviors |
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| what role does arousal play in performance |
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Definition
| medium arousal = best performance |
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| 3 types of research design |
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Definition
longitudal - long period of time
sequential - cross sectional results |
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Definition
| progressing through various stages of development |
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| research on French children to look at intelligence and stages |
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| Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning |
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Definition
Preconventional
conventional
postconventional |
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