Term
| What provinces are the 3 biggest pork producers? |
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Definition
| Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec |
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Term
| What industry competes with pork? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country is the biggest consumer of pork? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the drivers of meat consumption in the pork industry? |
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Definition
-price vs. value/quantity
-quality
taste, flavour, health & safety, appearance
emotional (animal well-being)
-Convenience
-Tradition/ethnic/seasonal demands |
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Term
Rank the following in order of increasing edible protein content:
Poultry, pork, eggs |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Pork can compete with chicken for leanness |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the factors affecting performance of a pig raised for meat? |
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Definition
-genetics/sex
-health
-pig environment
-nutrition
-resources
-regulations |
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Term
| What are some important factors to consider concerning a pig's environment? |
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Definition
thermal/temprature
social interaction
air quality |
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Term
| What are two major problems in the pork industry? |
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Definition
-development of synthetic meats
-price of grains for feeding is increasing due to decreasing availability (used to feed humans directly before feeding grains to meat animals) |
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Term
| What are the challenges facing the canadian pork industry? |
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Definition
-contagious diseases
-food safety
-proper assessment of quality & value
-animal welfare
-competition in the world markets
-environmental concerns
-trend toward multiple site production and integrated pork production |
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Term
| What are some advantages of multiple site production? |
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Definition
-minimal transfer of disease
-specialization at different levels of production |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages of multiple site production? |
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Definition
-high levels of coordination & organization; administrative costs
-need large volume of pigs (economics of sale)
-managing early-weaned sow & young, weaned piglets
-qualified labour |
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Term
| What are some solutions to the problems associated with multiple site production |
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Definition
| various production chains, alliances & loops have formed in Ontario |
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Term
| What is a young female pig called, prior to slaughter or first farrowing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call a reproducing female pig? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the age range of nursing pigs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call a newly weaned pig? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call a pig from weaning to approximately 25kg? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call pig when it reaches 25kg? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the weight of a grower pig? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the weight of a finisher pig? |
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Definition
| 60+kg to market at 105-110kg |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What factors contribute to the # of healthy pigs a sow produces in a lifetime? |
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Definition
# of pigs weaned per litter
# of litters per year
weaning weight
reproductive life span |
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Term
| Describe reproduction in sows |
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Definition
-first breeding at 120kg
-approximately 2.3 litters per year
-5 litters per lifetime
-approx 9-12 live piglets per litter
-115 day gestation
-17 to 28 days of lactation |
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Term
| Describe reproduction rates in boars |
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Definition
-1 boar per 20 sows with natural breeding
-greater success ratio with AI |
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Term
| Why is it important to consider genotypes in pigs? |
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Definition
Sets limits on production rates, efficiency and carcass characteristics
-growth rates
-reproduction
-feed efficiency
-carcass quality |
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Term
| What are some traits to consider when selecting 'positive' genotypes in pigs? |
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Definition
-disease resistance
-hardiness
-character (mothering ability)
-feed intake capacity |
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Term
| How can you capitalize on complementary traits between breeds? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Can choose too be on their own or move to group in the larger more open area |
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Term
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Definition
Walls for sense of security, pigs like to turn their backs to the wall
Lots of room to move
Lots of windshadowing which decreases air circulation |
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Term
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Definition
Farrowing crate, prevents piglets from being crushed
Sow cannot move much, decreased interaction between piglets |
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Term
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Definition
Lots of windshadowing, elevated heat & moisture levels
-creates a welcoming environment for bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Finishing Area
slatted floors, creates sore feet, may not want to move to the feeders as much, would reduce weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
Nanofermentation
can remove certain parts/components from the meats at a molecular level |
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Term
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Definition
Easy to maintain clean environment because you can just spray the entire facility
Decreased air flow, pigs can't see each other or interact fully |
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Term
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Definition
Trough is slightly elevated to reduce chances of manure/urine getting in the trough
-could be higher to prevent pigs from climbing in and be more effective |
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Term
| What are the goals of reproduction? |
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Definition
maximize the number of pigs born alive
minimize pre-weaning mortality
increase longevity |
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Term
| What is a major safety issue in the pork industry? |
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Definition
| Contamination & Health, not a lot of variation in genetics so a disease could wipe out a large population rapidly. All employees shower in & shower out to prevent introduction of disease |
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Term
| Why is it important to reduce stress on the pigs? |
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Definition
| Stress decreases the quality of the meat |
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Term
| What is the current focus on meat, quality or quantity? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is do consumers asses carcass quality? |
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Definition
-nutritional quality
-appearance
-absence of bacteria
-ease of preparation
-emotional quality (welfare)
-value vs price |
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Term
| Describe the trend in branding & Canadian pork products |
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Definition
| -shift towards individual branding of products, away from "Canadian" |
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Term
| What is carcass quality based on? |
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Definition
weight & lean yield
contaminants
PSE & DFD |
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Term
| What is PSE meat? What are the causes? |
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Definition
pale, soft exudatory
-Porcine Stress Syndrome Gene
-stress prior to slaughter
-pre slaughter nutrition (withdraw feed prior to slaughter to prevent lactic acid build up) |
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Term
| What is DFD meat? What are the causes? |
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Definition
dry, firm, dark
(minor concern)
-pH is too high, eating quality is still good but shelf life is poor |
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Term
| What vitamin enhances pork quality? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the #1 cost in commercial swine production? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the environmental impact caused by swine production? |
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Definition
Reduced air quality & cleanliness Green-house gases
Odorous compounds
Harmful microbial materials
Smell of ammonia is strong, detrimental for pigs & humans! |
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Term
| What are some dietary strategies to control odour? |
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Definition
-low protein/low sulfur diets
-change pH to manipulate hindgut fermentation
-feed acid to reduce pH of urine & feces (less ammonia loss)
-dietary supplementation of non-digestible binding agents |
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Term
| What are some other issues of concern in the pork industry? |
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Definition
-foreign animal disease
-food safety (BSE, salmonella, toxins!)
-international trade issues
-assessing carcass quality & value
-animal well being |
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